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Research Methods
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Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain - Structure
Contrast X-Rays – inject something that absorbs X-rays Cerebral angiography
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Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
cross sectional images
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CT SCAN When: Find cause of symptoms (confusion, vision problems, headaches, paralysis) Trauma Guidance for biopsy What: bleeding in brain, clot, enlarged cavities, fractures, disease, tumors
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Produces 3-D images with high spatial resolution
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Methods of Visualizing the Living Human Brain - Functional
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Inject radioactive 2-DG Functional MRI (fMRI) Visualizing oxygen flow in the brain
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fMRI Vs PET Nothing injected.
Provides both structural and functional information in one image Spatial resolution is better than with PET Can create 3-D images of activity over the entire brain
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Electroencephalgram (EEG)
Measure overall brain activity Epilepsy Sleep Disorders Monitor Brain activity during anethesia
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Invasive Physiological Research Methods
Animal research Stereotaxic surgery Lesioning Electrical stimulation Invasive recording methods Manipulating or measuring within the brain Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
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Stereotaxic Surgery Used to position experimental devices within the brain Stereotaxic atlas – provides coordinates for locating structures within the brain Bregma – a point on the top of the skull often used as a reference point Sterotaxic instrument – used to hold head steady and guide the device to be inserted Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon
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Lesion Methods Remove, damage, or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behavior Types of lesions Aspiration lesions – suction Radio-frequency lesions (high frequency current) – heat destroys tissue Knife cuts – may damage surrounding area Used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract
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Cognitive Neuroscience
Goal is to identify the parts of the brain that mediate various constituent cognitive processes Paired-image subtraction technique – compare PET or fMRI images during several different cognitive tasks
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Behavioral Paradigms Procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon Traditional conditioning paradigms Skinner boxes Mazes
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Autopsies & Brain Damage
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