1. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS and THE END OF WORLD WAR II AUGUST – SEPTEMBER, 1945

2. QUIZ, pp. 749-53 The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The scientist in charge of the Manhattan Project was named __?__ The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? The first successful detonation of an atomic weapon was held in what U.S. state? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? Who was U.S. President when the first successful detonation took place? The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The two atomic bombs were nicknamed __?__ and __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. The airplane that dropped the first atomic bomb was nicknamed __?__. What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? What two Japanese cities were attacked with atomic bombs? Which one was attacked first? Which one was attacked first? The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ The 1945 Yalta Conference laid the foundation for an international peace-keeping organization called the __?__ Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. Nazi war criminals were prosecuted in the __?__ trials. What nations occupied Germany after WWII? What nations occupied Germany after WWII?

3. The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

4. B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

5. B-29 SUPERFORTRESS, USAAF

6. U.S.A.A.F. B-29 SUPERFORTRESS

7. B-29 ON JAPAN BOMBING RUN

11. TYPES OF U.S. B-29 BOMBS

12. B-29s ON NIGHT BOMBING RUN TO JAPAN

13. U.S. BOMBS FALL ON NAGOYA, JAPAN, 1945

14. TOKYO, JAPAN DURING THE FIREBOMBING, MARCH, 1945

15. GENERAL CURTIS LeMAY, COMMANDING OFFICER, XXI BOMBER COMMAND, U.S. ARMY AIR FORCES

16. GENERAL CURTIS LeMAY ON TIME MAGAZINE COVER, AUGUST, 1945

17. The Atomic Bomb When? When? 1942 -1945 1942 -1945 Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

18. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

19. TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

20. TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

21. DETONATION SEQUENCE

22. 10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

23. DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

25. To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

26. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

27. TIBBETS & SWEENY

28. Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

29. NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

30. “LITTLE BOY” BOMB IN LOADING BAY, TINIAN ISLAND, AUGUST 1945

32. Colonel Paul Tibbets, Commanding Officer, Enola Gay, August 6 th, 1945

33. HIROSHIMA DETOATION MUSHROOM CLOUD, AUGUST 6 TH, 1945

34. AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

35. AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

36. NAGASAKI NAGASAKI BOMBING BOMBING AUGUST 9 th, AUGUST 9 th, 1945 1945

37. “LITTLE BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

38. “FAT MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

39. TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

40. ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

41. HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

42. HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

43. SHADOW OF PERSON SITTING ON STEPS NEAR BANK ENTRANCE, HIROSHIMA, JAPAN

44. NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

47. JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

48. NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

49. NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

50. ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

51. BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

54. Final Results: The War in The Pacific, 1931-45 Final Results: The War in The Pacific, 1931-45 ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY ALLIES WIN; JAPAN SURRENDERS UNCONDITIONALLY Japan occupied by U.S. Military Japan occupied by U.S. Military Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Gen. Douglas MacArthur commands occupation forces Casualties: War in Asia/Pacific Casualties: War in Asia/Pacific Allies: KILLED Allies: KILLED Military: 4 Million Military: 4 Million Civilian: 25 Million Civilian: 25 Million Axis (Japan): KILLED Axis (Japan): KILLED Military: 2 Million Military: 2 Million Civilian: 1 Million (approx.) Civilian: 1 Million (approx.)

55. JAPANESE SURRENDER, U.S.S. MISSOURI, TOKYO BAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1945

56. GEN. DOUGLAS Mac ARTHUR SIGNS THE DOCUMENT OF JAPANESE SURRENDER, SEPT. 2, 1945

57. NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE, SEPT., 2, 1945 V-J DAY

59. TIMES SQUARE “V-J DAY KISS”, SEPT. 2, 1945

62. Other Results: The Pacific War Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t./Emperor remains Japan forced to adopt democratic-style gov’t./Emperor remains China plunged into Civil War: China plunged into Civil War: Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) Communists v. Nationalists (Mao Zedong v Chiang) 1949: Communists win 1949: Communists win Result? People’s Republic of China founded Result? People’s Republic of China founded Korea divided: Korea divided: North Korea (Communist) North Korea (Communist) South Korea (Pro-Western) South Korea (Pro-Western) June, 1950: N.K. invades S.K. – Korean War begins June, 1950: N.K. invades S.K. – Korean War begins 1950-53: Korean War 1950-53: Korean War Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Europeans begin losing colonies: Asian independence movements gain strength: Example: French Indochina - Vietnam Example: French Indochina - Vietnam

63. “TODAY WE KNOW THAT WORLD WAR I BEGAN NOT IN 1939 OR 1941, BUT IN THE 1920’s AND 1930’S WHEN THOSE WHO SHOULD HAVE KNOWN BETTER PERSUADED THEMSELVES THAT THEY WERE NOT THEIR BORTHER’S KEEPER.” “TODAY WE KNOW THAT WORLD WAR I BEGAN NOT IN 1939 OR 1941, BUT IN THE 1920’s AND 1930’S WHEN THOSE WHO SHOULD HAVE KNOWN BETTER PERSUADED THEMSELVES THAT THEY WERE NOT THEIR BORTHER’S KEEPER.” HUBERT HUMPHREY HUBERT HUMPHREY VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1965-69 STATES, 1965-69

64. “I KNOW NOT WITH WHAT WEAPONS WORLD WAR III WILL BE FOUGHT, BUT WORLD WAR IV WILL BE FOUGHT WITH STICKS AND STONES.” “I KNOW NOT WITH WHAT WEAPONS WORLD WAR III WILL BE FOUGHT, BUT WORLD WAR IV WILL BE FOUGHT WITH STICKS AND STONES.” Albert Einstien Albert Einstien

65. “TODAY THE GUNS ARE SILENT. A GREAT TRAGEDY HAS ENDED. A GREAT VICTORY HAS BEEN WON. THE SKIES NO LONGER RAIN DEATH, THE SEAS BEAR ONLY COMMERCE. MEN EVERYWHERE WALK UPRIGHT IN THE SUNLIGHT. THE ENTIRE WORLD IS QUIETLY AT PEACE.” “TODAY THE GUNS ARE SILENT. A GREAT TRAGEDY HAS ENDED. A GREAT VICTORY HAS BEEN WON. THE SKIES NO LONGER RAIN DEATH, THE SEAS BEAR ONLY COMMERCE. MEN EVERYWHERE WALK UPRIGHT IN THE SUNLIGHT. THE ENTIRE WORLD IS QUIETLY AT PEACE.” GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR RADIO ADDRESS TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE FROM HIS JAPANESE SURRENDER SPEECH, U.S.S. MISSOURI, TOKYO BAY, JAPAN SEPTEMBER 2, 1945