1. Byzantium Becomes the New Rome

2. SPLITS

4. Capital = Constantinople Continued as the New ROME Kings saw themselves to still be considered ROMAN emperors

5. Byzantine Empire BECOMES

6. Constantinople Survived because it was far away from the Germanic tribe invasions It was the crossroads of trade so it was successful Preserved Greco- Roman culture

7. Justinian Justinian was a serious emperor who worked from dawn to midnight He helped rebuild and re-conquer Rome Had ABSOLUTE POWER = controlled both government and church

9. Byzantine Under Justinian He wanted a re-conquest of the Roman territories that were lost through Germanic invasions

10. Justinian’s Accomplishments Sent Best general Belisarius to take North Africa from the Vandals 2 Years later Belisarius took Rome back from the Ostrogoths Justinian won back nearly all the territory Rome used to rule.

11. Justinian Code Justinian set up a panel of legal experts to look through 400 years of Roman law. –Some laws were outdated –Justinian wanted to create a single, uniform code This became known as the Justinian Code that was used for 900 years after his death

12. Justinian Expands Trade The main street that ran through Constantinople was called the MESE which means “Middle Way” –It ran from the imperial palace to the outer walls

13. There was a giant open-air market where shoppers could buy –Tin from England –Wine from France –Cork from Spain –Ivory and gold from Africa Justinian Expands Trade

15. Byzantium Preserves Learning Families valued education –Sent children to monastic or public schools –Hired private tutors –Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy and rhetoric They preserved Greek and Roman great works

16. Justinian’s Building Program Launched the most ambitious public building program the Roman world had ever seen. City protected by a deep moat, and three walls that were 25 feet thick City coast was surrounded by a 14-mile stone wall

17. The Hagia Sophia Justinians’ most splendid building Christian church later taken by the Muslims

19. Byzantine Society & Politics Ruler heads both Church and StateRuler heads both Church and State Complicated bureaucracy supports imperial authorityComplicated bureaucracy supports imperial authority Military troops recruited and given land for serviceMilitary troops recruited and given land for service Peasants supplied the food and provided most tax revenuesPeasants supplied the food and provided most tax revenues Large urban class kept satisfied by low food prices (Romans????????)Large urban class kept satisfied by low food prices (Romans????????) Cultural life centered on Hellenistic secular traditions and Orthodox ChristianityCultural life centered on Hellenistic secular traditions and Orthodox Christianity Artistic creativity only in art and architectureArtistic creativity only in art and architecture –Domes, Mosaics, & Icons

20. SPLIT Why do the Roman Catholic Church in the west and the Orthodox Church in the east have differences? Grew too large to communicateGrew too large to communicate Different versions of BibleDifferent versions of Bible Services held in different languagesServices held in different languages Byzantine Emperors resist Papal interference from RomeByzantine Emperors resist Papal interference from Rome Priests may be married in Eastern OrthodoxPriests may be married in Eastern Orthodox No divorce in Roman CatholicNo divorce in Roman Catholic Final split – 1054 over arguments about type of bread used in mass and celibacy of priestsFinal split – 1054 over arguments about type of bread used in mass and celibacy of priests

21. Byzantine Warfare 1 st choice – Diplomacy1 st choice – Diplomacy Last choice – warLast choice – war

22. Looooooooong Road to Decline Muslim invaders – constant attacksMuslim invaders – constant attacks Crusades (especially the 4 th )Crusades (especially the 4 th ) 1453 – Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople1453 – Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople

23. Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe Byzantium influences people in the Balkans and southern RussiaByzantium influences people in the Balkans and southern Russia –Missionaries, trade, invasions –Cyril & Methodius Cyrillic scriptCyrillic script Allow use of local languages in servicesAllow use of local languages in services –Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Hungarians fall under Roman Catholic influence Weak, regional monarchies develop, controlled by strong land-owning aristocracy (one reason for power nation-states not developing in Eastern EuropeWeak, regional monarchies develop, controlled by strong land-owning aristocracy (one reason for power nation-states not developing in Eastern Europe

24. EMERGENCE OF KIEVAN RUS Scandinavians and Slavs mix and create monarchy - Kievan Rus (855ce)Scandinavians and Slavs mix and create monarchy - Kievan Rus (855ce) Vladimir I converts to Christianity – prefers Eastern Orthodoxy – Why?Vladimir I converts to Christianity – prefers Eastern Orthodoxy – Why? Yaroslav the Wise (similar to Justinian)Yaroslav the Wise (similar to Justinian)

25. CULTURE IN KIEVAN RUS Borrow heavily from ByzantiumBorrow heavily from Byzantium Orthodox Christianity & Russian culture blendOrthodox Christianity & Russian culture blend Peasants are free farmersPeasants are free farmers Boyars – aristocrats – have less power than aristocrats in Western EuropeBoyars – aristocrats – have less power than aristocrats in Western Europe Women – secluded, stay at home most of the time (elite)Women – secluded, stay at home most of the time (elite)

26. Kievan Rus

27. Kievan Decline (12 th century) Struggle over succession (same old story)Struggle over succession (same old story) Decline of Byzantium = trade diminishesDecline of Byzantium = trade diminishes Mongols took over Kievan lands in 13 th century – RUSSIAN STATE emerges in 15 th century (Ivan the Terrible, et al)Mongols took over Kievan lands in 13 th century – RUSSIAN STATE emerges in 15 th century (Ivan the Terrible, et al) –Destroyed trade, literature, and education –Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) survived – united the people

28. The Mongols Invade Russia

29. End of an Era in Eastern Europe Mongol invasions, decline of Kievan Rus, and collapse of Byzantium cause Eastern Europe to enter into difficult periodMongol invasions, decline of Kievan Rus, and collapse of Byzantium cause Eastern Europe to enter into difficult period –Poland – western influence –Balkans – Islamic world of Turks Western and Eastern Europe evolve separately – Western Europe becomes more powerful and sophisticatedWestern and Eastern Europe evolve separately – Western Europe becomes more powerful and sophisticated

30. Mongols In 1240, Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols and the Russian territory was split into numerous smaller dukedoms. Mongols gain control Russia, known as the Golden Horde Mongols do not disrupt Russian culture Decline of Mongols after 100-200 years of rule Rise of Muscovy – shift from Kiev to Moscow

31. Muscovy After the Mongols were pushed out of Russia, power shifted from Kiev to Moscow. After the fall of Constantinople, Ivan III (1462-1505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome" and considered it heir to the Byzantine tradition. Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to call himself czar. He pushed Russian eastward with his conquests Ivan was succeeded by Boris Godunov, whose reign commenced the so-called Time of Troubles. Relative stability was achieved when Michael Romanov established the Romanov Dynasty that ruled Russia until 1917.

32. Social Classes There were two main “classes” in Russian history 1.Cossacks – peasants 2.Boyars – nobles

33. Romanovs Michael Romanov – was elected to be Czar/Tzar/Tsar (sounds like Caesar), but afterwards the ruling family of Russia was inherited. Alexis became Czar in 1645 and ruled until 1676. His son Fedor (Theodore) III became Czar and was basically competent, but he was physically deformed and had some problems ruling. He died and his two brothers Ivan V and Peter I were declared co-Czars. Ivan was mentally retarded, so their sister really ruled until Peter was old enough to.

34. Themes in Russian History  Expansion by conquest.  Need for warm-water ports.  The necessity of a strong, central government.

35. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative  Most Tsars  Russian Orthodox Church  Military  Boyars  peasants  A few Tsars  Intellectual elites  Merchants/businessmen  Young members of the middle class. REFORM-MINDED LEADER DEMAGOGUE