1. World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 9
Christian Europe Emerges,
C.E.

2. Objectives
Understand the political and economic development of Western Europe during the medieval period and be able to undertake a critical analysis of the term “feudalism.”
Be able to explain the development and the significance of Roman Catholic dogma, the hierarchical system of the Roman church, and the monastic movement.
Be able to compare the medieval Western society, politics, culture, and religion with those of the Byzantine Empire.
Understand the respective roles of the Varangians, Vladimer I, and the Byzantine Empire in the rise of the Kievan state.
Be able to discuss the possible causes of the European recovery of
Be able to explain the causes of the Crusades and discuss their consequences in Europe and the Middle East.

3. Early Medieval Europe Roman Decline - 5th century Germanic Kingdoms
legal framework disappears
rise of Germanic traditions
family-based law
political fragmentation
loss of allegiance
rise of local strongmen
weak dependence on strong
Germanic Kingdoms
Franks, Visigoths, Lombards
Saxons and Angles
competition for bishop of Rome
Latin - priests and monks
Linguistic zones
Romance, Germanic, Slavic

4. Early Medieval Europe Defending Medieval Europe
Arabs / Berbers in Spain - 711
Tours, France - 732
Charles Martel - Carolingian
Charlemagne - 800
Roman Emperor
Vikings - 8th - 9th centuries
Scandinavian
coastal towns
Iceland, Greenland, Vinland
William the Conqueror
Normandy Invasion
Angles-Saxons

5. Early Medieval Europe Economy urban to village base
bartering replaces coin currency
trade languishes
local self-sufficiency
manors
primary agricultural centers
lords and serfs
work for protection
varied from region to region
literacy replaced by ‘small traditions’

6. Early Medieval Society
Mounted Horsemen
stirrups; body armor
heavy, grain-fed horses
hereditary nobility
fief
vassals
knighthood limited to land revenue
Noblewomen
own and inherit property
administer husband’s estate
enmeshed in feudal obligations
valued property
no choice in marriage

7. The Western Church European Jurisdiction Challenges Structure
West: Pope (papacy)
East: Patriarch of Constantinople
Challenges
disagreement over regulations
clergy marriage
pagan worship
trained clergy
Structure
patriarchates - 5
Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria
appoint bishops; church rules
penitentials
guide for penance of sins

8. The Western Church Holy Trinity Jesus, God, Holy Trinity heresy
Mary’s relationship
precise form of sacraments
iconic images
heresy
schism
Monophysite doctrine - E
divinity of Jesus Christ
Arianism - W
Jesus as lesser divinity
orthopraxy
correct practices
orthodoxy
correct beliefs

9. Politics and Church Holy Roman Empire - 962 Debate 3 legal traditions
confederation of German princes
represent Christian interests
Debate
investiture controversy
who appoints bishops
popes versus emperors
Emperor’s weapon
deposition
Pope’s weapon
excommunication
3 legal traditions
Germanic custom (feudal law)
Christian (canon law)
Roman law

10. Monasticism Monasticism Most Important Impact
celibacy and obedience; poverty
living apart from society
devotion to prayer
Most Important Impact
communal living and prayer
monks or nuns
regular versus secular clergy
Rule of Benedict
Separation of church / state
Features
literacy and silence
reshaping of Roman society

11. Byzantine Empire Roman Empire - 300 CE Legacy
continued pattern of Roman rule
caesaropapism
the imperial with the papal
all-powerful Christian monarchs
prevented breakup of empire
Legacy
Corpus Juris Civilis
Justinian CE
basis for civil law in the West
Architectural
Hagia Sophia
Writing
Cyrillic

12. Byzantine Empire Decline - 1200 CE military weakness Western Europe
Sasanids, Huns, Goths
300 years with Persia
Muslims - 2/3 of empire
7th century on
Western Europe
schism between East and West
formal disagreements over church doctrine
sack of Constantinople

13. Society and Urban Life Economic Transformation - 700
barter replaces money
decline in population / prosperity
local urban class disappears
family power rivals office holders
technological development
decreased steadily over time
Women
increasingly confined to home
veils; socialized with family
loss in prestige to the West
loss of most valuable provinces

14. Kievan Russia Kiev Vladimir I Trade Kiev and Novgorod
Black Sea trade with Byzantine
Vladimir I
grand prince in 980
chose Orthodox Christianity
grandness of Constantinople
Islam banned alcohol
marriage of convenience
Trade
key to political power

15. Western Europe RevivesCE
Technological Improvements
draft harness
horse as primary draft animal
breeding of larger horses
coulter blade plow
shift from subsistence farming
money-based exchange economy
doubling of population
Italy and Flanders
manufacturing and trade
freedom for serfs in cities
independent of feudal lords
abundant coinage from trade

16. The Crusades Crusades - 1100-1200 CE Muslim control four centuries
designed to recapture Jerusalem
Christian pilgrims protected
Battle of Manzikert
religiously motivated
Pope atonement of sins
increase trade and land
Italian merchants; young knights
Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II
call for First Crusade