2. RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION: The “isms”

3. SOCIALISM CAPITALISM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM) SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM (MARXISM) Karl Marx Adam Smith Thomas Malthus David Ricardo Friedrich Engels

4. THOMAS MALTHUS AND POPULATION

5. MALTHUS’S THEORY Food supply increases arithmetically Population increases geometrically STARVATION!

6. MALTHUS’ CHECKS ON POPULATION GROWTH NEGATIVE CHECKS LATE MARRIAGES CELIBACY/ RESTRAINT CONTRACEPTION POSITIVE CHECKS WAR FAMINE DISEASE Growth of population cannot be stopped without “misery or vice”!

7. RICARDO AND THE IRON LAW OF WAGES

8. RICARDO’S CYCLE Population IncreaseGOOD TIMES Higher Wages BAD TIMES Lower Wages Population Decline THE IRON LAW OF WAGES

9. IMPLICATIONS OF MALTHUS & RICARDO’S IDEAS? Low wages Suffering among workers Trying to help poor people would only HURT them long-term: Social Darwinism, or the idea that the “fittest” people should control the world, develops

10. “Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it.” - Karl Marx

11. Karl Marx 1818-1883 Friedrich Engels 1820-1895 Communism:MARXISM

12. History is a series of conflicts between classes that control means of production (owners) and those which do not (wage-laborers). vs. Karl Marx said:

13. Society (government, religion, moral values) are ALL designed to support the interests of the dominant economic class. How does the ruling class keep control? Religion “is the opiate of the masses.”

14. COMMUNISM:MARXISM Believed that history is moving through a series of stages … FEUDALISM CAPITALISM SLAVE EMPIRES

15. Victory of Bourgeoisie has set up a new conflict: COMMUNISM:MARXISM PROLETARIAT vs. CAPITALISM

16. Increased suffering among Proletariat would INEVITABLY lead them to revolt against the Bourgeoisie. COMMUNISM: Marxism

17. THE BOURGEOISIE THE PROLETARIAT Uh-Oh

18. Workers would create a society without social classes where no one had any private property. COMMUNISM: Marxism From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.

19. “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!” THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO (1848)