1. 1 Exchange Molly W. Dahl Georgetown University Econ 101 – Spring 2009

2. 2 Exchange Two consumers, A and B. Their endowments of goods 1 and 2 are E.g. The total quantities available and units of good 1 units of good 2. and are

3. 3 Starting an Edgeworth Box Width = Height = The dimensions of the box are the quantities available of the goods.

4. 4 Feasible Allocations What allocations of the 8 units of good 1 and the 6 units of good 2 are feasible? One feasible allocation is the before- trade allocation  i.e. the endowment allocation.

5. 5 OAOA OBOB 6 8 The Endowment Allocation

6. 6 OAOA OBOB 6 8 4 6

7. 7 OAOA OBOB 6 8 4 6 2 2

8. 8 OAOA OBOB 6 8 4 6 2 2 The endowment allocation The Endowment Allocation

9. 9 OAOA OBOB The endowment allocation

10. 10 Other Feasible Allocations denotes an allocation to consumer A. denotes an allocation to consumer B. An allocation is feasible if and only if and

11. 11 Feasible Reallocation OAOA OBOB

12. 12 Feasible Reallocation OAOA OBOB

13. 13 Feasible Reallocations All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of the combined endowments.

14. 14 Feasible Reallocations All points in the box, including the boundary, represent feasible allocations of the combined endowments. Which allocations will be blocked by one or both consumers? Which allocations make both consumers better off?

15. 15 Adding Preferences to the Box More preferred For consumer A. OAOA

16. 16 Adding Preferences to the Box More preferred For consumer B. OBOB

17. 17 Adding Preferences to the Box More preferred For consumer B. OBOB

18. 18 Edgeworth Box OAOA OBOB

19. 19 Pareto-Improvement An allocation of the endowment that improves the welfare of a consumer without reducing the welfare of another is a Pareto-improving allocation. Where are the Pareto-improving allocations?

20. 20 Edgeworth Box OAOA OBOB

21. 21 Pareto-Improvements OAOA OBOB The set of Pareto- improving allocations

22. 22 Pareto-Improvements Since each consumer can refuse to trade, the only possible outcomes from exchange are Pareto-improving allocations. But which particular Pareto-improving allocation will be the outcome of trade?

23. 23 Pareto-Improvements OAOA OBOB The set of Pareto- improving reallocations

24. 24 Pareto-Improvements

25. 25 Pareto-Improvements

26. 26 Pareto-Improvements Trade improves both A’s and B’s welfares. This is a Pareto-improvement over the endowment allocation.

27. 27 Pareto-Improvements New mutual gains-to-trade region is the set of all further Pareto- improving reallocations. Trade improves both A’s and B’s welfares. This is a Pareto-improvement over the endowment allocation.

28. 28 Pareto-Improvements Further trade cannot improve both A and B’s welfares.

29. 29 Pareto-Optimality Better for consumer B Better for consumer A

30. 30 Pareto-Optimality A is strictly better off but B is strictly worse off B is strictly better off but A is strictly worse off Both A and B are worse off

31. 31 Pareto-Optimality The allocation is Pareto-optimal since the only way one consumer’s welfare can be increased is to decrease the welfare of the other consumer.

32. 32 Pareto-Optimality The allocation is Pareto-optimal since the only way one consumer’s welfare can be increased is to decrease the welfare of the other consumer. An allocation where convex indifference curves are “only just back-to-back” is Pareto-optimal.

33. 33 Pareto-Optimality Where are all of the Pareto-optimal allocations of the endowment?

34. 34 Pareto-Optimality OAOA OBOB All the allocations marked by a are Pareto-optimal.

35. 35 Pareto-Optimality The contract curve is the set of all Pareto- optimal allocations.

36. 36 Pareto-Optimality OAOA OBOB All the allocations marked by a are Pareto-optimal. The contract curve

37. 37 Pareto-Optimality But to which of the many allocations on the contract curve will consumers trade? That depends upon how trade is conducted. In perfectly competitive markets? By one- on-one bargaining?

38. 38 The Core OAOA OBOB The set of Pareto- improving reallocations

39. 39 The Core OAOA OBOB

40. 40 The Core OAOA OBOB Pareto-optimal trades blocked by B Pareto-optimal trades blocked by A

41. 41 The Core OAOA OBOB Pareto-optimal trades not blocked by A or B are the core.

42. 42 The Core The core is the set of all Pareto-optimal allocations that are welfare-improving for both consumers relative to their own endowments. Rational trade should achieve a core allocation.

43. 43 The Core But which core allocation? Again, that depends upon the manner in which trade is conducted.

44. 44 Trade in Competitive Markets Consider trade in perfectly competitive markets. Each consumer is a price-taker trying to maximize her own utility given p 1, p 2 and her own endowment. That is,...

45. 45 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA For consumer A.

46. 46 Trade in Competitive Markets So given p 1 and p 2, consumer A’s net demands for commodities 1 and 2 are and

47. 47 Trade in Competitive Markets For consumer B. OBOB

48. 48 Trade in Competitive Markets So given p 1 and p 2, consumer B’s net demands for commodities 1 and 2 are and

49. 49 Trade in Competitive Markets A general equilibrium occurs when prices p 1 and p 2 cause both the markets for commodities 1 and 2 to clear; i.e. and

50. 50 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Can this PO allocation be achieved?

51. 51 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer A

52. 52 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer A

53. 53 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer B

54. 54 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer B

55. 55 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB But

56. 56 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB and

57. 57 Trade in Competitive Markets So at the given prices p 1 and p 2 there is an  excess supply of commodity 1  excess demand for commodity 2. Neither market clears so the prices p 1 and p 2 do not cause a general equilibrium.

58. 58 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB So this PO allocation cannot be achieved by competitive trading.

59. 59 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?

60. 60 Trade in Competitive Markets Since there is an excess demand for commodity 2, p 2 will rise. Since there is an excess supply of commodity 1, p 1 will fall. The slope of the budget constraints is -p 1 /p 2 so the budget constraints will pivot about the endowment point and become less steep.

61. 61 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?

62. 62 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Which PO allocations can be achieved by competitive trading?

63. 63 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer A

64. 64 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB Budget constraint for consumer B

65. 65 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB So

66. 66 Trade in Competitive Markets OAOA OBOB and

67. 67 Trade in Competitive Markets At the new prices p 1 and p 2 both markets clear; there is a general equilibrium. Trading in competitive markets achieves a particular Pareto-optimal allocation of the endowments. This is an example of the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics.

68. 68 First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics Given that consumers’ preferences are well-behaved, trading in perfectly competitive markets implements a Pareto- optimal allocation of the economy’s endowment.

69. 69 Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics The First Theorem is followed by a second that states that any Pareto-optimal allocation (i.e. any point on the contract curve) can be achieved by trading in competitive markets provided that endowments are first appropriately rearranged amongst the consumers.

70. 70 Given that consumers’ preferences are well-behaved, for any Pareto-optimal allocation there are prices and an allocation of the total endowment that makes the Pareto-optimal allocation implementable by trading in competitive markets. Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics

71. 71 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB The contract curve

72. 72 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB

73. 73 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB Implemented by competitive trading from the endowment .

74. 74 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB Can this allocation be implemented by competitive trading from  ?

75. 75 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB Can this allocation be implemented by competitive trading from  ? No.

76. 76 Second Fundamental Theorem OAOA OBOB But this allocation is implemented by competitive trading from .