1. The Long 19th Century

2. Dual Revolutions
Hobsbawm analyzed the early 19th century, and indeed the whole process of modernization thereafter, using what he calls the twin revolution thesis.
This thesis recognized the dual importance of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution as having given rise to modern European history, and – through the connections of colonialism and imperialism – all of world history.

3. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution
The great revolution of 1789–1848 was the triumph
not of liberty and equality in general, but of the middle class or ‘bourgeois’ liberal society
not of ‘industry’ as such, but of ‘capitalist industry’;
not of the ‘modern economy’ or of the ‘modern state’ but of the economies and states in a particular region of the world

4. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution
But it is not unreasonable to regard this dual revolution – the rather more political (French) and the industrial (British) revolution – not so much as something which belongs to the history of the two countries which were its chief carriers and symbols, but as the twin crater of a rather larger regional volcano.”

5. Industrial Revolution Evolution or Revolution?
1st Phase: in Britain…

6. Why Britain? Lack of war/conflict within Britain
Vast market colonial system – excess capital
Strong, sizeable Navy, merchant fleet
Access to ports & Internal water trade routes
Favorable government policies
Private landownership – enclosure acts
Mobile society – labor force
Coal & iron resources

9. Spinning Jenny

10. Power Loom

11. Newcomen , then Watt
Steam Engine

12. Evolution… Proto-industrialization to factory system
Worker/employer relations & imbalance in production
simple, common items (textiles)– mass production
Big profits, unlike France – luxury items
Automation: spinning jenny, power loom, steam engine
Internal Improvements: canals (Suez 1869), steamboats (trans-Atlantic 1838), railroads
“Agricultural Revolution” reaper thresher, steel-tipped plow (canning, refrigeration)
Rise of Corporations (easier to raise capital)

15. Manchester

16. Impact … Population growth (poverty)
Vertical to horizontal stratification of society
New urban centers: Manchester
Unsanitary, overcrowded, polluted, Child labor
Laissez Faire ideology among most middle class (unless favorable to business)

17. Impact on Economics & Sociology
David Ricardo: Iron Law of Wages
Thomas Malthus: Food supply & population growth
Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism

18. Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages

19. Charles Darwin, from his autobiography. (1876)
"In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus On Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long- continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work".

20. Starting at 1750, 50 year intervals
Measure in Billions

21. Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
In nature plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive, and that Man too is capable of overproducing if left unchecked.
Concluded that unless family size was regulated, man's misery of famine would become globally epidemic and eventually consume Man.
Not popular among social reformers who believed that with proper social structures, all ills of man could be eradicated.

22. Social Darwinism

23. Reform?? The “Condition of England” Question
Aristocracy: noblesse oblige
Social Gospel/Christian Socialism
Robert Owen: Utopian Communities
Temperance Movements
1st Phase reform: (Sadler Commission, 1832)
Factory Act of 1833
Repeal of Combination Acts 1824
Jeremy Bentham’s Utilitarianism (late 18th C)
Socialism: Karl Marx & Frederich Engels (1848)

24. Jeremy Bentham
It is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.
It is vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual. Read more:

25. On the Continent?… Britain had little competition until 2nd phase
Slow to change, picked up after 1860
Napoleonic wars
Poor transport
Fewer raw materials
Internal tools/tariffs
Investment ‘ungentlemanly’
Required more government involvement

26. Second Phase mid 19th century , Technological Revolution
rapid growth of railroads, steel, steamships, electricity, chemicals, telecommunications
End of British leadership
US, Germany leadership
Japan, France, Low Countries
larger scale investment in more industries
beginnings of big corporations dominating industries, able to invest more money in new technology
capital industries which produce goods for other industries, not for consumers

27. Impact…
What do the documents tell us about the impact industrialization had on … The people and politics of Europe? The World?