1. INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0 Review of Algebra

2.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. To be familiar with sets, real numbers, real-number line. To relate properties of real numbers in terms of their operations. To review the procedure of rationalizing the denominator. To perform operations of algebraic expressions. To state basic rules for factoring. To rationalize the denominator of a fraction. To solve linear equations. To solve quadratic equations. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra Chapter Objectives

3.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sets of Real Numbers Some Properties of Real Numbers Exponents and Radicals Operations with Algebraic Expressions Factoring Fractions Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Quadratic Equations Chapter 0: Review of Algebra Chapter Outline 0.1) 0.2) 0.3) 0.4) 0.5) 0.6) 0.7) 0.8)

4.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. A set is a collection of objects. An object in a set is called an element of that set. Different type of integers: The real-number line is shown as Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.1 Sets of Real Numbers

5.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problem 0.1 (pg 3) Determine the truth of each statement. If the statement is false, give a reason why that is so. 1.-13 is an interger 2.-2/7 is rational 3.-3 is a positive integer 4.0 is not rational 5.Square root of 3 is rational

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7. Important properties of real numbers 1.The Transitive Property of Equality 2.The Closure Properties of Addition and Multiplication 3.The Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

8.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 4.The Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication 5.The Identity Properties 6.The Inverse Properties 7.The Distributive Properties Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers

9.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers Example 1 – Applying Properties of Real Numbers Example 3 – Applying Properties of Real Numbers Solution: a.Show that Solution:

10.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers Example 3 – Applying Properties of Real Numbers b.Show that Solution:

11.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.2 (pg 8)

12.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Properties: Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals exponent base

13.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 1 – Exponents

14.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals The symbol is called a radical. n is the index, x is the radicand, and is the radical sign.

15.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 3 – Rationalizing Denominators Solution: Example 5 – Exponents a.Eliminate negative exponents in and simplify. Solution:

16.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 5 – Exponents b. Simplify by using the distributive law. Solution: c.Eliminate negative exponents in Solution:

17.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 5 – Exponents d. Eliminate negative exponents in Solution: e. Apply the distributive law to Solution:

18.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 7 – Radicals a. Simplify Solution: b.Simplify Solution:

19.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.3 Exponents and Radicals Example 7 – Radicals c.Simplify Solution: d.If x is any real number, simplify Solution: Thus, and

20.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problem 0.3 (pg 13)

21.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. If symbols are combined by any or all of the operations, the resulting expression is called an algebraic expression. A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression of the form: where n = non-negative integer c n = constants Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

22.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions Example 1 – Algebraic Expressions a. is an algebraic expression in the variable x. b. is an algebraic expression in the variable y. c. is an algebraic expression in the variables x and y.

23.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions Example 3 – Subtracting Algebraic Expressions Simplify Solution:

24.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. A list of products may be obtained from the distributive property: Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions

25.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions Example 5 – Special Products a.By Rule 2, b.By Rule 3,

26.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions Example 5 – Special Products c.By Rule 5, d.By Rule 6, e.By Rule 7,

27.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions Example 7 – Dividing a Multinomial by a Monomial

28.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.4 (pg 18)

29.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. If two or more expressions are multiplied together, the expressions are called the factors of the product. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.5 Factoring

30.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.5 Factoring Example 1 – Common Factors a. Factor completely. Solution: b. Factor completely. Solution:

31.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.5 Factoring Example 3 – Factoring

32.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.5 (pg 20)

33.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Simplifying Fractions Allows us to multiply/divide the numerator and denominator by the same nonzero quantity. Multiplication and Division of Fractions The rule for multiplying and dividing is Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions

34.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Rationalizing the Denominator For a denominator with square roots, it may be rationalized by multiplying an expression that makes the denominator a difference of two squares. Addition and Subtraction of Fractions If we add two fractions having the same denominator, we get a fraction whose denominator is the common denominator. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions

35.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions Example 1 – Simplifying Fractions a. Simplify Solution: b. Simplify Solution:

36.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions Example 3 – Dividing Fractions

37.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions Example 5 – Adding and Subtracting Fractions

38.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.6 Fractions Example 7 – Subtracting Fractions

39.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.6 (pg 25)

40.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Equations An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal. The two expressions that make up an equation are called its sides. They are separated by the equality sign, =. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

41.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 1 – Examples of Equations A variable (e.g. x, y) is a symbol that can be replaced by any one of a set of different numbers.

42.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Equivalent Equations Two equations are said to be equivalent if they have exactly the same solutions. There are three operations that guarantee equivalence: 1.Adding/subtracting the same polynomial to/from both sides of an equation. 2.Multiplying/dividing both sides of an equation by the same nonzero constant. 3.Replacing either side of an equation by an equal expression. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

43.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Operations That May Not Produce Equivalent Equations 4.Multiplying both sides of an equation by an expression involving the variable. 5.Dividing both sides of an equation by an expression involving the variable. 6.Raising both sides of an equation to equal powers.

44.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Linear Equations A linear equation in the variable x can be written in the form where a and b are constants and. A linear equation is also called a first-degree equation or an equation of degree one.

45.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 3 – Solving a Linear Equation Solve Solution:

46.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 5 – Solving a Linear Equations Solve Solution:

47.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Literal Equations Equations where constants are not specified, but are represented as a, b, c, d, etc. are called literal equations. The letters are called literal constants.

48.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 7 – Solving a Literal Equation Solve for x. Solution:

49.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 9 – Solving a Fractional Equation Solve Solution: Fractional Equations A fractional equation is an equation in which an unknown is in a denominator.

50.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Example 11 – Literal Equation If express u in terms of the remaining letters; that is, solve for u. Solution:

51.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations Radical Equations A radical equation is one in which an unknown occurs in a radicand. Example 13 – Solving a Radical Equation Solve Solution:

52.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.7 (pg 33)

53.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form where a, b, and c are constants and A quadratic equation is also called a second- degree equation or an equation of degree two. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations

54.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations Example 1 – Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring a. Solve Solution: Factor the left side factor: Whenever the product of two or more quantities is zero, at least one of the quantities must be zero.

55.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations Example 1 – Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring b. Solve Solution:

56.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations Example 3 – Solving a Higher-Degree Equation by Factoring a. Solve Solution: b. Solve Solution:

57.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations Example 5 – Solution by Factoring Solve Solution:

58.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Quadratic Formula The roots of the quadratic equation can be given as Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations

59.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations Example 7 – A Quadratic Equation with One Real Root Solve by the quadratic formula. Solution: Here a = 9, b = 6√2, and c = 2. The roots are

60.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Quadratic-Form Equation When a non-quadratic equation can be transformed into a quadratic equation by an appropriate substitution, the given equation is said to have quadratic-form. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations

61.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 0: Review of Algebra 0.8 Quadratic Equations – Example 9 – Solving a Quadratic-Form Equation Solve Solution: This equation can be written as Substituting w =1/x 3, we have Thus, the roots are

62.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems 0.8

63.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tutorial 1