1. International Dock Work Conventions in the era of post-globalization Angelopoulos J. [1], Chlomoudis C. [2], Dalvadani E. [3] [1] [2] [3] [1][1] Corresponding Author. PhD candidate, Department of Maritime Studies, University of Piraeus, Greece. email: jang@unipi.grjang@unipi.gr [2][2]. Professor, Department of Maritime Studies, University of Piraeus, Greece. email: chlom@unipi.gr [3][3] M.Sc. in Maritime Studies, email: efidalvadani@hotmail.com May 2013

2. 2 Abstract Summary Significance of Dock Work Post-Globalization The Three ILO Dock-Work Conventions Ratification Status Ratification Benefits Demonstrating the ratification of C137, C152 on a virtual port

3. 3 Abstract Summary We assess of the significance of the “dock-work” factor Studying the three I.L.O. conventions pertaining to dock work (C032, C152 and C137), we argue that they can form a positive model for the integration of work rules on a global scale for eligible ports We highlight the goal of the three conventions is to regulate the effects of globalization on issues such as the safety of employees and the protection of professional life by the introduction of new work methods in ports We assess the current state of acceptance and degree of implementation of the three conventions We argue for the mutual benefits for port stakeholders arising from their implementation, aiming for the further development and improvement of the port industry from the perspective of globalization governance, in the era of post – globalization We demonstrate the effects of implementation if the ILO conventions in a virtual port

4. 4 Significance of Dock-Work Contemporary literature supports that the labor and capital cost comprise most of the ports’ total cost. Labor has been measured to be 53% of the total port / terminal expenditure structure. In the absence of reliable data, the factor labor, is substituted by superstructure data, such as number of cranes and straddle carriers, since it has been found that they are a suitable proxy for the former. The majority of port labor related quantitative data is derived from port efficiency measurement studies Quantitative parametric assessments are fairly consistent

5. 5 Post-Globalization The absence of a non-regulating environment, created many problems, both on local and international level. It seems that issues such as environment, employee, entrepreneur and public safety involved each segment of the transportation process, cannot be solved autonomously by market forces. We propose a support mechanism for the globalized economy through parallel evolution and configuration of governance rules, by strengthening international organizations in order to affect the flows of globalization, for the benefit of common development, with employee and environment protection We define this phase as a “Post-Globalization” era for the economy. It is defined as governance driven phase in agreed, by port industry stakeholders, regulatory rules Post-globalization, production and supply of port services in an open competitive market, can only be governed by global regulations

6. 6 The Three ILO Dock-Work Conventions

7. 7 Ratification Status A B C 9 countries have ratified all three ILO Conventions 3 countries ratified both C152 and C137, signaling that port labor was consistent with international labor standards 2 countries ratified C032 and its revision C152,in order for dock work to be in line with contemporary hazard protection 4 countries that ratified C032 did not adopt C152 but only C137, emphasizing on enhancing labor protection from new dock work methods 8 countries have ratified only C137 and 10 only C152. In these countries dock work is only partially compatible with international labor standards 28 countries have ratified only C032 1 country denounced C137 because of having reached agreement with trade union syndicates.

8. 8 Ratification Benefits Employees Efficiency increase Reduction of accidents Income stability Feeling of security that increase productivity Employers Reduction of unexpected costs (accidents) Obligation to a fixed monthly income or unemployment benefits Liability is emphasized in case of accidents because Port Authority has the right to investigate the accident’s circumstances and the preventive measures that should have been implemented. Terminals Enhancement of competitiveness An asset for port’s reputation and its services Improvement of working conditions The ultimate goal of these regulations is development and improvement of the port industry from the perspective of globalization governance, in the era of post - globalization

9. 9 Demonstrating the ratification of C137, C152 on a virtual port Operational Implications on ‘Idealtypus’ Port: RecruitmentEvery four years with specialized criteria (point system) Employee required qualifications Graduates of all levels of education, knowledge of English; also various social factors are taken into account Employee TrainingMandatory, six-month training at the School of Dockers; also continuous training through seminars Registry and SupervisionDockers record in registry, three supervisions, in the case of demand increase Shift SchemeThree shifts, two hours before confirmation of attendance Salary SystemFixed income + 20 wages / month, bonus depending on terminal, no productivity bonus Staffing RequirementsCrane staffing: 6 dock workers + 1 if required, Supervisors: 1 foreman + 1 if required, Car terminal staffing: One dock worker per 30 cars Health and SafetyCommittee Health and Safety consisting of representatives of workers and employers and technical who provide written assessment of occupational risks. Existence of emergency plans and drills Social SecurityState security, enhanced benefits Working Hours7.30 hours, overtime just twice a month, and if state ContractsCollective agreement in accordance with general legislation

10. 10 International Dock Work Conventions in the era of post-globalization THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION