1. Chapter 18 Slide 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Critical Issues for the Twenty-First Century: Globalization, the Environment, Africa, and International Economic Reform Chapter 17

2. Chapter 18 Slide 2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Interdependence and the Growth of Third World Markets n LDCs have long been dependent on developed countries n Developed countries are increasingly dependent on LDCs for –natural resources and raw materials –markets for developed-country products

3. Chapter 18 Slide 3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Chapter 18 Slide 4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The Global Environmental Threat: Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion n Pollutants and their consequences for the global environment n MDC and LDC contributions to greenhouse gases

5. Chapter 18 Slide 5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Chapter 18 Slide 6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Energy Consumption Per Capita, 1995

7. Chapter 18 Slide 7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.2 Trends in Carbon Dioxide Emissions

8. Chapter 18 Slide 8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The Global Environmental Threat: Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion n Pollutants and their consequences for the global environment n MDC and LDC contributions to greenhouse gases n Rain forest preservation as a public good: who should pay? n Searching for solutions: the 1992 and 1997 summits

9. Chapter 18 Slide 9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The Economic Crisis in Sub- Saharan Africa n Economic dimensions of the problem: over the 1980s –Per capita output and consumption fell by more than 40% –Investment and exports fell by about 30% –Per capita food production fell, poverty rates rose –Total external debt more than doubled n Overall economic growth lagged behind that in other regions n The 1990s were not been much better

10. Chapter 18 Slide 10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Chapter 18 Slide 11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The Economic Crisis in Sub- Saharan Africa n Economic dimensions of the problem n Social dimensions of the problem –declines in school enrollments –AIDS

12. Chapter 18 Slide 12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. The Economic Crisis in Sub- Saharan Africa n Causes of the crisis are many and varied, but include –drought –low commodity prices –reduced foreign aid –poor government policies –rapid population growth

13. Chapter 18 Slide 13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization and International Financial Reform n National economies are increasingly integrated into the global economy n Globalization has three main effects: –a lessening of the power and influence of individual nation-states, esp. in the developing world –an increased risk of financial instability –an increase in illegal immigration from the South to the North

14. Chapter 18 Slide 14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Globalization and International Financial Reform, cont’d n Commonly-mention reforms include: –debt relief for LDCs –the creation of new LDC-funding sources, such as the Tobin tax –the creation of new international institutions, such as a world central bank –reform of the IMF and the World Bank

15. Chapter 18 Slide 15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Concepts for Review n Absorptive capacity n Agenda 21 n AIDS n Biodiversity n Earth summit n Global commons n Global factories n Globalization n Global warming n Greenhouse gases n Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) n Ozone depletion