2. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM History, economic Importance and production technology of Cotton NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM 2008-ag-1821 7 th semester(conservation Agronomy) PRESENTATION : 1

3. Cotton Cotton This is called as COTTON (English), KAPAS (Urdu), PHUTTI (Punjabi), COTON (French), and ALGODON (Spanish) This is called as COTTON (English), KAPAS (Urdu), PHUTTI (Punjabi), COTON (French), and ALGODON (Spanish)

4. Cotton belongs to the …. Kingdom Kingdom Sub-kingdom Sub-kingdom Super Division Super Division Division Division Class Class Sub-class Sub-class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Plantae Tracheobionta Spermetophyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Dilleniidae Malvales Malvaceae Gossypium L. Vascular plants Seed plants Flowering plants Dicotyledons

5. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Origin and species Cotton belongs to genus gossypium and faimly Malvacaeae Cotton belongs to genus gossypium and faimly Malvacaeae This genus consist of 20 species included wild and domestic This genus consist of 20 species included wild and domestic There are four domestic species (AMERICAN) G. hirsutum G. hirsutum G. barbadence G. barbadence

6. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Origin and species (Asian) G.herbacium G.herbacium G.arborium G.arborium

7. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Leading Countries 1.China 1.China 2.USA 2.USA 3.India 3.India 4.Pakistan 4.Pakistan 5.Uzbekistan 5.Uzbekistan

8. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM History In soutern america cotton cord found in costal mounds of peru is belived to date back to about 1000B.C In soutern america cotton cord found in costal mounds of peru is belived to date back to about 1000B.C From 1500 B.C to 1500 A.D Indian subcontinent is the center of cotton production and manufacture of its products From 1500 B.C to 1500 A.D Indian subcontinent is the center of cotton production and manufacture of its products

9. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM History Cotton is growing in our region from centuries this is proved from available archeological evidence which lead to conclusion that the art of spining and weaving cotton originate in indus valley Cotton is growing in our region from centuries this is proved from available archeological evidence which lead to conclusion that the art of spining and weaving cotton originate in indus valley The oldest cotton fiber today was found from the ruin of moen –jo-dare The oldest cotton fiber today was found from the ruin of moen –jo-dare Archeologist have also discovered cotton seed Archeologist have also discovered cotton seed

10. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM History About seven thousands years old from rehman dari (bloachistan) About seven thousands years old from rehman dari (bloachistan)

11. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM PRODUCTION IN the year of 2009-2010 the total area under cotton is 2.963million hactares and the yield taken per hac. Is 2346kg IN the year of 2009-2010 the total area under cotton is 2.963million hactares and the yield taken per hac. Is 2346kg The most important constraint for cotton production now a day is CLVC burevalla strain The most important constraint for cotton production now a day is CLVC burevalla strain Now PAKISTAN Is also included in those countries which grown b.t cotton comercially Now PAKISTAN Is also included in those countries which grown b.t cotton comercially

12. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM PRODUCTION There are 30% increase in cotton yield due to introdction of b.t varities There are 30% increase in cotton yield due to introdction of b.t varities B.T cotton is developed by genetic engineering it contain the gene Bacillus thrugensis B.T cotton is developed by genetic engineering it contain the gene Bacillus thrugensis These B.T varities are resistant to chewing insects but not for sucking pests like mealy bug These B.T varities are resistant to chewing insects but not for sucking pests like mealy bug

13. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Economic importance Cotton is our most important cash crop Cotton is our most important cash crop Pakistan ranks fifth biggest producer of cotton Pakistan ranks fifth biggest producer of cotton Textile is the largest industry of pakistan and cotton is the basic raw material of that industry Textile is the largest industry of pakistan and cotton is the basic raw material of that industry At present 521 textile mills,8000 power looms working in our country which totally depend upon cotton At present 521 textile mills,8000 power looms working in our country which totally depend upon cotton

14. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Economic importance Cotton is a none true oil seed crop cotton is the major raw material for ghee mills it contribute to 70% of our totall oil production Cotton is a none true oil seed crop cotton is the major raw material for ghee mills it contribute to 70% of our totall oil production

15. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Botany A perennial A perennial Coldest temps. 65 0 F Coldest temps. 65 0 F Height = 2-5 feet Height = 2-5 feet Deep tap root Deep tap root Bolls Bolls

16. BranchesBranches

17. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Adaptation Cotton is a crop of tropical and sub tropical region grown in summer Cotton is a crop of tropical and sub tropical region grown in summer Cotton require frost free growing season for 180 to 200 days Cotton require frost free growing season for 180 to 200 days The optimum soil ph for cotton is 5-8.5 The optimum soil ph for cotton is 5-8.5 Cotton need soil with maximum water holding capacity Cotton need soil with maximum water holding capacity

18. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Cultural practices Cotton require smooth seed bed Cotton require smooth seed bed Cotton require at least four ploughing and one planking Cotton require at least four ploughing and one planking Also on some clayey soils deep tillage implements can also be use Also on some clayey soils deep tillage implements can also be use The tillage implements most commonly used are as The tillage implements most commonly used are as

19. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Cultural Practices Tillage Tillage Disc plough Disc plough Disc harrow Disc harrow Cultivator Cultivator Planker Planker Chisel plough Chisel plough

20. Varieties for Core Zone Area CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, BH-160,NIAB-111,CIM-534, CIM-707,CIM-446,FH-901,

21. Varieties for Non Core Zone Area CIM-496,CIM-506,CIM-499, NIAB-111,CIM-534, FH-901,

22. Seed rate Per Acre Germination% Delinted seed Kg /acre >75% 6 60% 8 60% 8 50% 10 50% 10

23. Delinting Commercial Sulfuric Acid 1 liter for 10 Kg fuzzy seed is used for delinting

24. Planting Geometry For Core Zone Areas Plant To Plant= 6-9 Inches Row To Row= 30 Inches For Non Core Zone Areas Plant To Plant= 9-12 Inches Row To Row= 30 Inches

25. Sowing Date For Core Zone Areas 1 st may to 7 june For Non Core Zone Areas 16 april to 31 may

26. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Method of sowing Mostly cotton is sown in our country by two methods Mostly cotton is sown in our country by two methods Flat sowing Flat sowing Raise bed sowing Flat sowing Raise bed sowing Flat sowing flat sowing is done by two methods flat sowing is done by two methods

27. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Method of sowing Broad casting Broad casting Drill sowing Drill sowing in drill sowing row to row distance is maintained 30 inches in drill sowing row to row distance is maintained 30 inches 2- raised seed bed in this method raise seed beds are drawn in the field via cotton planter or bed planter seed may be directly sown by planter in this method raise seed beds are drawn in the field via cotton planter or bed planter seed may be directly sown by planter

28. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Method of sowing Or in some cases bed are drawn in field and seed in sown by manual labour Or in some cases bed are drawn in field and seed in sown by manual labour The seed rate for this method is 5kg per acer The seed rate for this method is 5kg per acer

29. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Method of sowing

30. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Benefits of bed sowing Cotton grown via this method mature 15-20 days earlier Cotton grown via this method mature 15-20 days earlier Loss due to rainfall is reduced Loss due to rainfall is reduced It gives more soil for root development It gives more soil for root development Saves water up to 40% Saves water up to 40%

31. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Fertilization N, 27.kg./ac N, 27.kg./ac P, 30. kg./ac P, 30. kg./ac K, 30.kg./ac K, 30.kg./ac Also amounts will depend on the soil type. Also amounts will depend on the soil type. In addition, 60% of the mineral nutrients are taken up between squares and boll formation. In addition, 60% of the mineral nutrients are taken up between squares and boll formation.

32. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Fertilization Before last cultivation Before last cultivation 1 bag of urea 1 bag of urea 1bag of TSP 1bag of TSP 1bag of SOP 1bag of SOP Should be added in soil as basal dose On the basis of soil deficiency zinc sulphate 5kg and borax 3kg per acer

33. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Thinning In order to keep normal plant to plant distance the extra seedlings should be removed this should be done after first irrigation In order to keep normal plant to plant distance the extra seedlings should be removed this should be done after first irrigation It should be noted that delay in thinning considerably reduce the yield It should be noted that delay in thinning considerably reduce the yield

34. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Irrigation The goal is to keep 50% field capacity or higher through out the growing season. The goal is to keep 50% field capacity or higher through out the growing season.

35. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Irrigation The rough schedule for irrigation is The rough schedule for irrigation is first irrigation 30-40 DAS first irrigation 30-40 DAS Subsequent irrigationd 15-18DAS Subsequent irrigationd 15-18DAS

36. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Weed in cotton The most common weed of cotton are The most common weed of cotton are IT-SIT IT-SIT Madahana grass Madahana grass Aak Aak Hazar dani Hazar dani Bhakra Bhakra Jangli chauli Jangli chauli

37. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Weed management There are three weed control methods which are commonly used to control weeds in cotton these are as follow 1. Stale seed bed 1. Stale seed bed 2. Mechanical weed control 2. Mechanical weed control 3. Chemical weed control method 3. Chemical weed control method

38. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Stale seed bed method In This method first we give irrigation to field when field come in wattar condition we plough the field and plank it after that weed emerge we again cultivate the field in this way weed control is satisfactory In This method first we give irrigation to field when field come in wattar condition we plough the field and plank it after that weed emerge we again cultivate the field in this way weed control is satisfactory

39. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Mechanical weed control Early season weeds reduce yields due to the competition for nutrients and light. Early season weeds reduce yields due to the competition for nutrients and light. So in cotton area mosty in early season mechanical weed control is done So in cotton area mosty in early season mechanical weed control is done The benefits of this method is that it not only uproot the weeds but also soften the soil so this method gives proper aeration to soil for better root growth The benefits of this method is that it not only uproot the weeds but also soften the soil so this method gives proper aeration to soil for better root growth

40. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Mechanical weed control The figure 1 show the mechanical weed control The figure 1 show the mechanical weed control The figure 2 show the stale seed bed method The figure 2 show the stale seed bed method

41. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Chemical weed control In cotton only pre emergence herbicedes are available like DIVALD GOLD, stomp In cotton only pre emergence herbicedes are available like DIVALD GOLD, stomp Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post emergence but not recommended by agriculture dept.. Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post emergence but not recommended by agriculture dept.. Round-up in Round-up ready varities. Round-up in Round-up ready varities.

42. Chemical weed control Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post emergence but not recommended by agriculture dept.. Common herbicides; Gramoxyone, Glyfosat which is used with sheild as post emergence but not recommended by agriculture dept..

43. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Diseases Fursaruim Wilt Fursaruim Wilt Bacterial blight Bacterial blight Cotton-boll rots Cotton-boll rots Root-knot nematode Root-knot nematode Root rot Root rot CLVC CLVC

44. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Insects Army bollworm Army bollworm White fly White fly jassid jassid

45. Insects PINK bollworm PINK bollworm American bollworm American bollworm White fly White fly Aphid Aphid Mites Mites

46. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Insect control method Insects are mostly control through chemical pesticides but in some areas some insects are control by there natural predators Most common pesticides used in our country against chewing insects are Insects are mostly control through chemical pesticides but in some areas some insects are control by there natural predators Most common pesticides used in our country against chewing insects are Lefuron Lefuron Match Match

47. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Insect control method The most common pesticides used for sucking insects are The most common pesticides used for sucking insects are Ameida chloproide Ameida chloproide Bepru fresian Bepru fresian Tracker Tracker

48. Integrated Pest Management  Control of sucking insect pests at early stage of the crop through seed treatment.  Delay first spray as far as possible for the conservation of beneficials but start spraying at ETL.  Use pheromone baited traps  Use of pheromone traps around village near cotton heaps for pink bollworm control.

49. Precautions  Pest scouting should be done twice a week.  Spray at right stage of the pest and at ETL.  Do not repeat the same chemical more than twice a season, instead rotate different insecticide groups for spray..  Select only recommended pesticides and use proper dose.

50. Insects Economic Threshode Level Thrips 8-10 / Leaf Jassid 1 / Leaf Whitefly 5 / Leaf Mites When damage occur Aphid Damage occur on top Mealy bug When found in field Chewing Pests Spotted Boll worm 3/25 plants Pink Boll worm 5/100 soft boll American Boll worm 3/25 plants Army worm When Found in Field Sucking Pests

51. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Pesticide spraying equipment On small scale hand sprayer is used in our country On small scale hand sprayer is used in our country On large scale tractor drawn boon sprayers are user in our country On large scale tractor drawn boon sprayers are user in our country

52. Pesticide spraying equipment

53. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Harvesting Harvesting in cotton done manually by human labor a or by mechanical cotton pickers Harvesting in cotton done manually by human labor a or by mechanical cotton pickers Picking Picking Mechanical cotton picker Mechanical cotton picker In cotton 2 to 3 pickings are done because all bolls donot open at one time In cotton 2 to 3 pickings are done because all bolls donot open at one time

54. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM COTTON PICKERS In Pakistan cotton is mostly picked by manual In Pakistan cotton is mostly picked by manual labor which mostly composed of village women's labor which mostly composed of village women's mechanical pickers are also introduced in our country but the draw back is that they can pick un ripe bolls also mechanical pickers are also introduced in our country but the draw back is that they can pick un ripe bolls also

55. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Harvesting

56. Ginning The cotton fibers are removed from the seed. The cotton fibers are removed from the seed. There are two different methods used There are two different methods used Ginning Ginning pressing pressing

57. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Processing of cotton bales Cotton bale are first converted into fiber in spinning mills Cotton bale are first converted into fiber in spinning mills After that these fibers are used in textile mill for the production of textile products After that these fibers are used in textile mill for the production of textile products

58. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM Yield The average yield at farmer level is 2.5 tonns per hac The average yield at farmer level is 2.5 tonns per hac But peoples are getting up to 20-30 monds per acer for normal sowing But peoples are getting up to 20-30 monds per acer for normal sowing In early sowing peoples are getting up to 55-67 monds per In early sowing peoples are getting up to 55-67 monds per

59. NABEEL AHMAD IKRAM THANKS PUT YOUR QUESTIONS