1. TCP/IP Essentials A Lab-Based Approach Shivendra Panwar, Shiwen Mao Jeong-dong Ryoo, and Yihan Li Chapter 0 TCP/IP Overview

2. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 2 The Internet A global information system consisting of millions of computer networks around the world. History  Late 1960s, ARPA sponsors the development of a packet- switching network, called the ARPANET.  1974, The TCP/IP protocols and model are proposed by Cerf and Kahn.  1983, ARPANET adopts TCP/IP. At this time, the ARPANET has 200 routers.  1984, NSF funds a TCP/IP based backbone network. This backbone grows into the NSFNET, which becomes the successor of the ARPANET.  1995, NSF stops funding the NSFNET. The Internet is completely commercial.

3. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 3 Internet Standards Control Internet Society (ISOC): a professional membership organization that comments on policies, practices, and oversees others dealing with network policy issues. Internet Architecture Board (IAB): responsible for defining overall architecture of the Internet with guidance and broad direction to the IETF. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): responsible for protocol engineering and development. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): responsible for focused, long-term research. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): in charge of defining all “unique parameters” in the Internet, including domain names and IP addresses.

4. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 4 Internet Standardization Process A typical (but not only) way of standardization is:  Internet Drafts  RFC (Request for Comments)  Proposed Standard  Draft Standard (requires 2 working implementation)  Internet Standard (declared by IAB) David Clark, MIT, 1992: "We reject: kings, presidents, and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code.”

5. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 5 A Hierarchical Communication Architecture Networking can be quite complex and requires a high degree of cooperation between the involved parties. Cooperation is achieved by forcing parties to adhere to a set of rules and conventions (protocols). The complexity of the communication task is reduced by using multiple protocol layers:  Each protocol is implemented independently.  Each protocol is responsible for a specific subtask.  Protocols are grouped in a hierarchy. A structured set of protocols is called a communications architecture or protocol suite.

6. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 6 TCP/IP Protocols Internet Protocol Suite A combination of different protocols Organized into four layers

7. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 7 Functions of the Layers Data Link Layer  Service: Reliable transfer of frames over a link.  Functions: Synchronization, error control, flow control. Network Layer  Service: Moves packets inside the network.  Functions: Routing, addressing, switching, congestion control. Transport Layer  Service: Controls delivery of data between hosts.  Functions: Connection establishment/termination, error control, flow control. Application Layer  Service: Handles details of application programs.  Functions: Everything is application specific.

8. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 8 Protocols in Different Layers

9. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 9 Internetworking Devices Computers are connected by internetworking devices. Classified according to their functionality and layers  Hub  Bridge  Switch  Router

10. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 10 Hosts Communicating over a Hub

11. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 11 Hosts Communicating over a bridge

12. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 12 Hosts Communicating over a router

13. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 13 Encapsulation The application data is sent down Each layer adds a header to the data (PDU) from its higher layer.

14. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 14 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Different higher layer protocols can use the service by the same lower layer protocol. The same higher layer protocol can use the service by different lower layer protocols.

15. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 15 Naming and Addressing Uniquely identify processes in different computers for communications. Port number Domain name IP address MAC address

16. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 16 Domain Name Identify a host User friendly Hierarchically organized Domain Name System (DNS): resolves a domain name to the corresponding IP address.  DNS servers and the domain name database  Name caching  DNS query and reply

17. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 17 The Domain Name Space

18. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 18 Port Number Address for the application layer user process. Port Number field in TCP or UDP header. Well-known port numbers  1 to 255: Internet wide services  256 to 1023: preserved for Unix specific services  1024 and up: ephemeral port numbers

19. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 19 IP Address Each host interface in the Internet has a unique IP address. IPv4, 32 bits, dotted-decimal notation IPv6, 128-bit address

20. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 20 Five Classes of IP Addresses

21. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 21 Subnetting Three levels of an IP address:  Network ID  Subnet ID  Host ID Subnet mask: separates subnet ID and host ID

22. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 22 Ethernet Frame Format Source Ethernet (MAC) Address Destination Ethernet Address Frame Type: used to identify the payload CRC: used for error control

23. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 23 IP Header Format Size: 20 bytes if without options.

24. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 24 UDP Header Format Checksum: computed using the UDP header, UDP data and a pseudo-header as below.

25. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 25 TCP Header Format

26. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 26 An Example: How TCP/IP Protocols Work Together Bob, a user, wants to book an air ticket from an online booking website. Bob knows the domain name www.expedia.com The remote computer with the domain name is a web server.

27. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 27 An Example – the Application The web server provides the web service. Bob uses a web browser, which is a web client, to request and receive web service. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used by the web server and browser.

28. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 28 An Example – DNS Bob starts Netscape in his computer, and types http://www.exedia.com/index.html. The domain name needs to be translated to an IP address. A DNS query is sent to a DNS server. A DNS reply will return to the client with the IP address.

29. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 29 An Example – TCP Connection The client establishes a TCP connection to the web server. A port number is carried in all packets in this process. Application data (an HTTP request message for the index.html file) is sent over the TCP connection, encapsulated in a TCP segment.

30. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 30 An Example – IP Layer The TCP segment is sent down to the IP layer and encapsulated in an IP datagram. Routers will forward the IP datagram hop by hop to the web server by checking their routing tables.

31. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 31 An Example – MAC Layer Bob’s host sends the IP datagram and the next-hop router’s IP address down to the MAC layer. The IP datagram is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame.

32. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 32 An Example – ARP The Ethernet frame needs to be sent to the interface of the next-hop router. Only Ethernet MAC address can be recognized. ARP request/reply is used to resolve the MAC address.

33. Panwar, Mao, Ryoo, Li: TCP/IP Essentials 33 An Example – on the Other End The web server receives the Ethernet frame. The packet is delivered to the upper layers. When the application layer receives the HTTP request message, it sends an HTTP response message to the client.