2. Covalent Bonding Unit 8 Notes

3. Covalent Bonding Atoms gain stability when they share electrons and form covalent bonds. Lower energy states make an atom more stable. Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms more stable by forming ions with noble-gas electron configurations. Sharing valence electrons with other atoms also results in noble-gas electron configurations.

4. Covalent Bonds Atoms in non-ionic compounds share electrons. The chemical bond that results from sharing electrons is a covalent bond.covalent bond A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond.molecule

5. Covalent Bonds Diatomic molecules (H 2, F 2 for example) exist because two-atom molecules are more stable than single atoms.

6. Covalent Bonds The most stable arrangement of atoms exists at the point of maximum net attraction, where the atoms bond covalently and form a molecule. Break for Lewis Structures

7. Covalent Bonds The strength depends on the distance between the two nuclei, or bond As length increases, strength decreases.

8. Covalent Bonds The amount of energy required to break a bond is called the bond dissociation energy. The shorter the bond length, the greater the energy required to break it.

9. Covalent Bonds An endothermic reaction is one where a greater amount of energy is required to break a bond in reactants than is released when the new bonds form in the products.endothermic reaction An exothermic reaction is one where more energy is released than is required to break the bonds in the initial reactants.exothermic reaction

10. Naming Molecules The first element is always named first using the entire element name. The second element is named using its root and adding the suffix –ide. Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element in a compound. Ignore prefix on FIRST element if the molecule contains only one of them. Specific rules are used when naming binary molecular compounds.

11. Naming Molecules Prefixes –1 = mono –2 = di –3 = tri –4 = tetra –5 = penta –6 = hexa –7 = hepta –8 = octa –9 = nona –10 = deca

12. Naming Molecules Examples: –N 2 O 4 is Dinitrogen Tetroxide –CO 2 is carbon dioxide –PCl 5 is phosphorus pentachloride

13. Naming Molecules Practice: –SBr 2 –IF 7 –C 2 H 6 –SiO –Na 2 O

14. Naming Molecules Writing the formula from the name is EASY! –Diphosphorus Pentoxide? –P 2 O 5

15. Electronegativity and Polarity This table lists the character and type of chemical bond that forms with differences in electronegativity. A chemical bond’s character is related to each atom’s attraction for the electrons in the bond.

16. Electronegativity and Polarity Unequal sharing of electrons results in a polar covalent bond. polar covalent bond Bonding is on a continuum between nonpolar covalent (equal sharing), polar covalent (unequal sharing), and ionic (transfer) Electronegativity differences provide a “bully factor” that provides a relative strength to “take” electrons from other atoms

17. Electronegativity and Polarity Polar covalent bonds form when atoms pull on electrons in a molecule unequally. Electrons spend more time around one atom than another resulting in partial charges at the ends of the bond called a dipole.

18. Electronegativity and Polarity Covalently bonded molecules are either polar or non-polar. Non-polar molecules are not attracted by an electric field. They tend to have very low boiling and melting points Polar molecules align with an electric field. Their boiling and melting points are higher than non-polar molecules, but not as high as ionic compounds.

19. Electronegativy and Polarity Compare water and CCl 4. Both bonds are polar, but only water is a polar molecule because of the shape of the molecule.

20. Electronegativity and Polarity The electric charge on a CCl 4 molecule measured at any distance from the center of the molecule is identical to the charge measured at the same distance on the opposite side.

21. Electronegativity and Polarity Solubility is the property of a substance’s ability to dissolve Polar molecules and ionic substances are usually soluble in polar substances. Non-polar molecules dissolve only in non- polar substances.