1. Unit III - Biochemistry Chemistry of Life

2. I. What is everything made of? Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of…  Protons – positive charge  Neutrons – no charge  Electrons – negative charge a(an) – no/not tom – to cut

3. I. What is everything made of? Isotopes – atoms of same element, but have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same) a(an) – no/not tom – to cut a(an) – no/not tom – to cut iso - equal

4. I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!) sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)

5. I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms chemically joined together Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)

6. I. What is everything made of? Compounds are made through chemical reactions…new substances are made REACTANTS  PRODUCTS sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl)  sodium chloride (table salt)

7. I. What is everything made of? Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together  Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)  Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom

8. I. What is everything made of? Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically

9. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) 1. oil 2. wood 3. water 4. carbon 5. starch 6. shampoo 7. air 8. silicon 9. sugar 10. cookies 11. copper

10. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) 1. oil - C 2. wood - M 3. water - C 4. carbon - E 5. starch - C 6. shampoo - M 7. air - M 8. silicon - E 9. sugar - C 10. cookies - M 11. copper - E

11. II. Water A. Why is Water Important to Organisms?  Bathes cells  In cytoplasm  Needed for chemical reactions  Used for transport  Holds/transfers heat

12. II. Water B. How does water’s structure relate to its function? 1. Water is polar – slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule

13. II. Water 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges  These are called hydrogen bonds  Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!  water’s special traits due to these! hydro- water

14. II. Water Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things:  Definition of the property  Why the property happens  Why the property is important to organisms

15. II. Water 3. special properties: a. surface tension – forms strong layer b. cohesion – water sticks to self well co - together

16. II. Water 3. special properties: c. adhesion – water sticks to other stuff d. capillarity – water “climbs” up thin tubes

17. II. Water 3. special properties: e. good solvent – water dissolves many substances ~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)

18. II. Water 3. special properties: f. high specific heat – - water holds its heat very well - hard to change its temperature

19. II. Water 3. special properties: g. high heat of vaporization – - when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it

20. II. Water 3. special properties: h. ice floats on water - solid H 2 O takes up more space, so less dense

21. III. Acids & Bases 1. pH scale: 0-14 2. neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7 * the closer to 7, the weaker it is

22. III. Acids & Bases 5. buffers – keep pH stable  Cells will be harmed if pH too high or low

23. IV. Organic Compounds Organic compounds come from organisms All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers mono - one poly - many

24. IV. Organic Compounds There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomers  To join monomers together, water is removed  Called dehydration synthesis hydr – water syn - together

25. IV. Organic Compounds There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomers  To break polymers apart, water is added  Called hydrolysis hydr – water lys - burst

26. A. Carbohydrates IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates 1. examples  Glucose (sugar) - cell energy  Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose  Starch – how plants store extra glucose  Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber  Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons

27. A. Carbohydrates IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates 2. structure monosaccharide: polysaccharide: (monomer) (polymer) mono- one poly- many sacchar- sugar

28. B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 1. examples –  Triglycerides – fats, oils, waxes  Steroids - hormones  Phospholipids – make up cell membrane tri- three glyc- sugar

29. B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain fats: steroids:

30. B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types saturated fats – hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats

31. B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils

32. B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types – phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane

33. C. Nucleic Acids IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic Acids 1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material) 2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:

34. D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 1. examples: numerous!  (major structural unit of body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.) 2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…

35. D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. monomer is the amino acid:

36. D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins: ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions

37. D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster - every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme - missing enzyme = defect - high heat and extreme pH will “break” them

38. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be: 1. An example of an element would be: A. NeB. CO2C. C6H12O6D. H2O 2. Which of the following is the weakest? 2. Which of the following is the weakest? A. ionic bondsC. hydrogen bonds B. electrovalent bondsD. covalent bonds

39. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – A. polar B. neutral C. covalent D. nonpolar 4. Ringed lipids are called - 4. Ringed lipids are called - A. triglycerides C. steroids B. phospholipids.D. both B and C.

40. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. A. monomer…triglycerides B. monomer…carbohydrates C. polymer…proteins D. polymer…nucleic acids

41. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 6. Unsaturated fats: 6. Unsaturated fats: A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold B. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms C. are usually solids at room temperature D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms

42. The End