1. Chapter 6 Section 2 Pg

2. Covalent Bonds Energy is _______ in the chemical bonds of sugar
Elements in ____: Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen
All are nonmetals; transfer of electrons does ____ tend to occur between nonmetal atoms
So how are nonmetals able to form bonds?

3. Covalent Bonds
You and a friend need a total of 10 dollars to buy some food. You have $6 and your friend has $4. Together you have $10, so in order to buy the food you may put your money together and share the food.
When _______ join together, they display a similar ______ strategy

4. Covalent Bonds Sharing Electrons
H atom has 1 electron, but if it had 2, it would have the _____ electron configuration as He (therefore it would be ______)
2 H atoms can achieve a stable electron configuration by ______ their electrons and forming a _______ bond
Covalent Bond- a chemical bond in which 2 atoms share a pair of valence electrons
When 2 atoms share one pair of electrons, the bond is called a _____ ____

5. Covalent Bonds

6. Covalent Bonds Molecules of Elements
Molecule- a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more _______ bonds
The attractions between the ____ electrons and the protons in each nucleus hold the atoms together in a covalent bond
Chemical ______ can be used: H molecule= H2
Many nonmetal elements exist as _____ molecules
Diatomic means “two atoms”
2 halogen atoms _____ a valence electron from each atom, both atoms have 8 valence electrons

7. Covalent Bonds Multiple Covalent Bonds N has 5 v.e.
if they shared a ____ of electrons, each one would have only 6 v.e.
if they shared 2 pairs of electrons, each ____ would have only 7 v.e.
Share 3 pairs of electrons, each atom has 8 v.e.
Each ___ of shared electrons is represented by a long dash in the ________ formula

8. Covalent Bond Multiple Covalent Bond
______ bond- when 2 atoms share 3 pairs of electrons
_______ bond- when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons
______ bond- when 2 atoms share 1 pair of electrons

9. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
In general, elements on the ____ of the periodic table have a greater attraction for electrons than elements on the ____ have (except for noble gases)
In general, elements at the ___ of a group have a greater attraction for electrons than elements at the bottom of a group have
Fluorine (far right, top of group): has _______ attraction for electrons and is the most reactive nonmetal

10. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds
Electrons may _____ be shared equally
Polar covalent bond: a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally (polar- “opposite in character, ______, or direction”
When atoms form a polar covalent bond, the atom with the greater attraction for electrons has a partial negative charge. The other atom has a partial ______ charge (δ- and δ+ are used to show which atom has which charge)

11. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
In a hydrogen chloride molecule, the shared electrons spend ____ time near the chlorine atom than near the ________ atom

12. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
The type of atoms in a _____ and its shape are factors that determine whether a molecule is _____ or nonpolar

13. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
______ bonds between each oxygen atom and the central carbon atom
O has a ______ attraction for electrons than carbon does, each double bond is polar
Molecule is linear: all 3 atoms are _____ up in a row
The carbon-oxygen bonds are directly opposite each other; there is an equal pull on the electrons from opposite directions; the pulls cancel out and the molecule as a whole is nonpolar

14. Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Water molecules (H2O)
2 _____ bonds in a water molecule
The bonds are polar because O has a ______ attraction for electrons than hydrogen does
The water molecules has a ____ shape rather than a linear shape, the polar bonds do not cancel out
2 H atoms are located on the same side of the molecule, _______ the O atom
O partial negative charge
H partial _______ charge

15. Attraction Between Molecules
Attractions between ____ molecules are stronger than attractions between ________ molecules