1. Carbs Review

2. What elements are found in carbs?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

3. What is the ratio of C:H:O in a carb?
1:2:1

4. Why did scientists name the sugars “carbohydrates?”
Carbo = carbon
Hydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water molecule

5. What do we call the covalent bond that links one monosaccharide to another?
Glycosidic bond

6. What are the monomers of carbs?
monosaccharides

7. Name 5 monosaccharides.
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

8. Which monosaccharide is the main source of energy for the cell?
glucose

9. Cells do not use glucose directly
Cells do not use glucose directly. They convert it into what molecule that is used by the cell for energy?
ATP

10. What are isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

11. Give an example of two isomers.
Glucose and fructose (and galactose)

12. Why are glucose and fructose isomers?
Both are C6H12O6
Glucose has a 6-sided ring; fructose has a 5-sided ring

13. What type of reaction joins monosaccharides?
Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)

14. What do we call a double sugar?
disaccharide

15. Sucrose is a disaccharide made of…
Glucose + fructose

16. Lactose is a disaccharide made of…
Glucose + galactose

17. Maltose is a disaccharide made of…
Glucose + glucose

18. Many monosaccharides linked together form a …
polysaccharide

19. What is the most common monosaccharide that makes up polysaccharides?
glucose

20. How do animals store excess glucose?
Link it together in condensation reactions to form glycogen

21. Where is glycogen stored?
Liver and muscles

22. What type of reaction is performed in liver and muscle cells when glucose must be freed from glycogen?
hydrolysis

23. How do plants store excess glucose?
starch

24. Starch has two structures. What are they?
Spiral chain
Branched chain

25. Which carb is the most abundant on earth?
cellulose

26. Cellulose is not an energy polysaccharide
Cellulose is not an energy polysaccharide. It is a __________ carbohydrate.
structural

27. Cellulose is made up of chains of glucoses
Cellulose is made up of chains of glucoses. One chain is held to the next by what type of bond?
hydrogen

28. Lipids

29. What elements are found in lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

30. Lipids have large numbers of ____ and ____ but few ____.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

31. True or false? Lipids are better at storing energy because they have larger numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
True! We just said that lipids have few oxygens. This means there are more hydrogens bonded to carbons. C-H bonds store energy!

32. There are six main functions of lipids. Name three.
Energy storage
Vitamin storage
Insulation
Padding and shape
Chemical messengers
Structural part of the cell membrane

33. There are two common monomers in lipids. What are they?
Glycerol
Fatty acids

34. Sometimes lipid polymers do not have the common monomers, so why do we still consider them lipids?
They’re nonpolar!

35. The fatty acid monomer has two parts. What are they?
Carboxyl end
Hydrocarbon end

36. Glycerol + 3 fatty acids ?
Triglyceride + water

37. How many water molecules are formed in the condensation of a triglyceride?3

38. Glycerol + 2 fatty acids ?
Diglyceride + 2 water molecules

39. Glycerol + 1 fatty acids ?
Monoglyceride + 1 water

40. What do we call a fat with double or triple bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid?
unsaturated

41. Unsaturated fats have _______ chains and are ________ at room temp.
Bent
Liquids

42. Where are unsaturated fats naturally found?
Oils in plants like olive oil

43. What effect do unsaturated fats have on cholesterol?
No effect

44. What do we call fats with all single bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid chains?
Saturated fats

45. Saturated fats have _______ chains and are ______ at room temp.
Straight
Solid

46. Where are saturated fats normally found?
In animals or animal products like lard and cream

47. What effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol?
Increase it!

48. Hydrogenation converts _________ fats into _________ fats.
Unsaturated
Saturated

49. Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate ?
phospholipid

50. Draw a phospholipid and label the parts.
head
tails

51. The head of a phospholipid is ______ and the tails are _______.
Polar
Nonpolar

52. Because phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end, they are __________ molecules.
amphipathic

53. What important structure do phospholipids make up?
Cell membrane

54. What’s another name for the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer

55. Why do we call the cell membrane the phospholipid bilayer?
It’s made of two (bi) layers of phospholipids!

56. Waxes and steroids do not have the usual lipid monomers
Waxes and steroids do not have the usual lipid monomers. Why are they lipids?
They’re nonpolar

57. What are the two monomers of a wax?
Fatty acid + alcohol

58. What type of reaction joins the fatty acid to the alcohol?
condensation

59. How many water molecules will be made in the condensation of a wax?1

60. Which part of the wax makes it very water proof?
Fatty acid chain

61. How many rings make up the structure of a steroid?4

62. Of the four carbon rings in a steroid, how many are 6 sided? 5 sided?3 1

63. True or false? Steroids have fatty acids.

64. Why are steroids considered lipids?
They’re nonpolar

65. List two examples of steroids.
Testosterone
Estrogen
Vitamin D
Cholesterol
Cortisone

66. This is the review that we started yesterday.
Use the up/down arrow keys to move the slides forward or back.
This slide is in the middle of the presentation, so it’s ready to review proteins and nucleic acids. If you want to review carbs and lipids again, you will have to arrow back to the beginning!
I’ll be back ASAP!
If you have questions, Mr. Keyser can help you until I get back!

67. Proteins

68. What elements do proteins contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

69. List three functions of proteins.
Used in cell membrane transport and recognition
Antibodies
Structural (muscles, hair, nails, etc.)
Chemical messengers (some hormones)
Enzymes

70. What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids

71. In what type of reaction will amino acids join?
Condensation reaction

72. What is the name for two joined amino acids?
Dipeptide

73. What do we call a chain of many amino acids?
Polypeptide

74. What are the five parts of an amino acid?
Central carbon
Carboxyl
Amino
H atom
R group

75. Which of the five parts is different in amino acids?
The R group

76. How many different amino acids are there?
20 (because there are 20 different R groups)

77. How are neighboring amino acids positioned in order to bond?
Carboxyl end of one must be next to amino end of neighboring

78. What do we call a bond between amino acids?
Peptide bond

79. True or false? The bond between amino acids is a C-O-C bridge.
False! The bond is between a C atom and a N atom!

80. True or false? As soon as a polypeptide is made it is fully functional as a protein.

81. What must happen to a polypeptide chain before it is functional?
Folding

82. How many levels of protein organization are there?
Four

83. Describe the primary structure.
Straight chain of amino acids

84. Describe the secondary structure.
Helices and pleated sheets

85. What is causing the polypeptide to fold?
Hydrogen bonding (and other interactions) between amino acids

86. Describe the tertiary structure.
Globular due to more folding/interactions

87. Describe the quaternary structure.
Two or more globular polypeptides together

88. At what level is a protein functional?
Quaternary

89. What is an enzyme?
A protein that acts as a catalyst – it speeds up reactions by decreasing activation energy

90. What do we call the reactant(s) that the enzyme is catalyzing?
Substrate(s)

91. Because an enzyme will only work with one reactant in one type of reaction, we say that enzymes are…
Substrate specific

92. The site on the enzyme where the substrate will join is the…
Active site

93. Once an enzyme and its substrate have joined, we call the two together the…
Enzyme-substrate complex

94. Why do we call the model of enzyme action the lock and key model?
The substrate and enzyme fit together like a key fits into a lock.

95. Put the steps of the lock and key model in order.
Enzyme returns to original shape and is reusable.
Substrate bonds to enzyme’s active site forming enzyme-substrate complex.
Reaction proceeds; products are released.
Enzyme changes shape; activation energy is decreased because the enzyme:
brought two substances closer together OR
weakened bonds holding substrate monomers together
B, D, C, A

96. There are four things that can affect how well an enzyme functions
There are four things that can affect how well an enzyme functions. Name two.
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration pH
temperature

97. What do we call the process in which an enzyme loses its shape?
denaturing

98. What causes denaturing?
Changes in pH
High temperatures

99. What do changes in pH and high temps actually do that causes denaturing?
Destroy H bonds holding tertiary structure together

100. What do we call small molecules that can be part of an enzyme’s active site and help the enzyme to function?
Coenzymes

101. Nucleic Acids

102. What elements are found in nucleic acids?P

103. What is the main function of nucleic acids?
Store and transmit hereditary information
Directs protein synthesis

104. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides

105. Every nucleotide has three parts. What are they?
Sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base

106. Nucleotides are linked together in what type of reaction?
condensation

107. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

108. What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

109. What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix

110. What holds the bases together across the middle of the double helix?
Hydrogen bonds

111. What are the base pairing rules in DNA and how many H bonds occur between the base pairs?
A and T; 2 H bonds
C and G; 3 H bonds

112. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?
Ribose
Phosphate
Base

113. What bases are found in RNA?
Adenine
Uracil
Cyotsine
Guanine

114. What is the shape of RNA?
Single stranded

115. What RNA bases pair with which DNA bases?G T A U

116. Nitrogen bases are divided according to structure
Nitrogen bases are divided according to structure. What are the two types?
Purines
Pyrimidines

117. How many rings in purines?2

118. How many rings in pyrimidines?1

119. Which bases are purines?
A and G

120. Which bases are pyrimidines?
C, T, U

121. In DNA a ________ base will always pair with a _______ base.
purine
pyrimidine

122. Name the four scientists whose work contributed to the discovery of DNA’s structure.
Franklin
Wilkins
Watson
Crick