1. Study Sheet for Chapter 2 Honors Biology

2. EXTENDED RESPONSE TIPS:
EXAMPLE:
Surface tension caused by the pulling in of H-bonds of the water molecules. This creates a “film” on the surface of the water.
This allows small insects to walk on the surface of water.

3. #1 Formula = abbreviation of a compound
Molecule = 2 or more atoms chemically bonded (can be same or different)
Atom = 1 unit – smallest unit of an element
Formula = abbreviation of a compound
Compound = 2 or more different elements bonded together chemically
Symbol = abbreviation of an element
Element = 1 kind of substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means – listed on Periodic table

4. #2 59 Co 27 Mass number = 59 Atomic number = 27 Number of protons = 27
Number of electrons = 27
Number of neutrons = 32

5. #3
Trace elements
Appear in very small amounts
Milligrams (mg)

6. #4 Radioactive isotope Breaks down spontaneously
(gives off energy and particles, can be detected on a PET scan)
Break down to their more stable form
EX: C-14 to C-12

7. Why do atoms join to form compounds?#5
Why do atoms join to form compounds?
TO FILL THEIR OUTER ELECTRON SHELL

8. #6
IONS and ISOTOPES
IONS = differ in the number of electrons (charged atoms)
ISOTOPES = differ in the number of neutrons (different mass numbers)

9. Electrons in covalent and ionic bonds#7
Electrons in covalent and ionic bonds
COVALENT = electrons are shared
IONIC = electrons are transferred (lost/gained)

10. Solute and solvent and solution#8
Solute and solvent and solution
Water = solvent – does the dissolving (larger amount)
Sugar = solute –being dissolved
Both = solution

11. #9
H-bonding
When water reaches 4oC and below H-bonds form an open lattice (less dense) in ice
For surface tension, H-bonds pull the water molecules inward to form a “film”

12. #10 COVALENT IONIC H-bonding Van der Waals
IN ORDER (strongest to weakest):
COVALENT IONIC H-bonding
Van der Waals

13. #11
Buffers
Minimize the change in pH by adding extra H+ and OH-
buffer animation
pH of blood = 7.4

15. BASES put OH- ions into solution
#12
ACIDS put H+ ions into solution
(H+ donors)
BASES put OH- ions into solution
(OH- donors)

16. #13
Water has high heat of vaporization (slow to heat and also slow to cool)
So the coastal area temperatures would change less rapidly than inland areas

17. #14 BASES ACIDS Strong 1-3 Weak 4-6 pH 3 = [H+] 10-3
pH 4 is 100 X’s the H+ ions than pH 6
Strong 11-14
Weak 8-10
pH 11 = 10-11
pH 6 is 1000 X’s more H+ ions than pH 9

18. #15
Electrons fill 2 8
e- fill inner shells first

19. #16
ACID PRECIPITATION
pH lower than 5.2

20. #17
COVALENT BONDS – electrons are shared

21. #18
H+ ions surround Cl-
OH- ions surround Na+

22. #19
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Left of arrow right of arrow

23. #20

24. #20 KNOW
Elements that are located in the same column behave more alike chemically

25. Polar Covalent = unequal sharing of e-
#21
Polar Covalent = unequal sharing of e-
Nonpolar Covalent = equal sharing of e-

26. #22
Bohr Model

27. #23
H-H O-H NaCl

28. #24
UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. H-bonding
2. Polarity

29. #25
C H O N
Trace element in mg

30. #25 trace elements in mg (small amounts)Fe
Used by RBC to carry oxygen in hemoglobin I
used to prevent blindness and have proper use of thyroid F
used to prevent tooth decay

31. #26
Elements have different numbers of protons
Elements have different numbers of electrons (form different ions and different bonds)

32. #26
Same column have same outer shell (valence) electrons

33. #27 ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT Same number of protons (same atomic number)
Different number of neutrons (different mass number)

34. #28
Valence electrons (fill inner shell first) 2 8

35. #29 If atomic number 8 Can form two more bonds
How many e- do you need to fill the outer shell= number of bonds
to form

37. #30 BOTH INTERMOLECULAR Van der Waals = are momentary
very weak forces of attraction
between nonpolar molecules resulting from uneven electron distributions
(EX: gecko hairs on feet and glass)
H-bonding = forces between H and F, O, or N

38. #31
Cations = (+) ions
Ca +2
Anions = (-) ions F-

39. #32
You need to break the H-bonds to vaporize (form a gas)- takes extra time You need to form H-bonds to form ice – takes extra time

40. #33

41. Determine the pH If [H+] = 10-4 = pH 4 [OH-] = 10-10

42. #34
Mg Cl-
K+ I-
Ca P-3

43. #35 Ca = calcium C = carbon Co = cobalt
REVIEW YOUR ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS:
Ca = calcium
C = carbon
Co = cobalt

44. #36 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES Holding ionic compounds IONIC
Holding nonpolar molecules Van der Waals
Water to water H-bonds
Polar molecules (No H) Van der Waals

45. #37 INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES A. cations and anions IONIC
B. unequal sharing of e POLAR COVALENT
C. Equal sharing of e- NONPOLAR COVALENT
D. When e- are transferred IONIC