1. Lecturer of Community Medicine
Plagiarism
Nazar P. Shabila
Lecturer of Community Medicine
Hawler Medical University

2. Lecture outline What is plagiarism? Types of plagiarism
Why does plagiarism occur?
What are the consequences of plagiarism?
Why does plagiarism matter?
How to detect plagiarism?
How to avoid plagiarism?

3. (Thesis, papers, photographs, songs, even ideas!)
What is plagiarism
plagiare : to kidnap
plagiarius: abductor (kidnapper)
Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to pass it off as your own.
(Thesis, papers, photographs, songs, even ideas!)
Stealing ideas

4. What is Plagiarism?
Academic Definition: the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit

5. The Definition Appropriation:
“The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit”
Appropriation:
Using or taking something that is not yours
Ideas (concept), processes (methods), results, or words (phrases):
Another person’s intellectual property
Giving appropriate credit:
Providing reference
(the name of the original author, sufficient publication data, using quotation symbols to indicate direct quotes)

6. Types of plagiarism Complete Plagiarism Verbatim Plagiarism
Summarizing or Paraphrasing
Self-plagiarism
Invalid Source
Misleading Attribution

7. Types of plagiarism Complete Plagiarism (Intellectual theft, Stealing)
A researcher takes a study, a manuscript or other work from another researcher and simply resubmits it under his/her own name.
E.g.
Copying the work of another researcher, with or without his consent.
Buying or commissioning a thesis or other piece of work and presenting it as your own.

8. Types of plagiarism 2. Verbatim Plagiarism (Copy-and-paste)
Quoting another’s work ‘word for word’ without placing the phrases in quotation marks (“…”) and providing a clear citation and reference.
E.g. A researcher copies and pastes a block of text from someone else’s work into a paper without providing proper citation, including quotation marks.

9. Types of plagiarism 3. Summarizing or Paraphrasing
Is putting the source’s ideas in your own words; restating the ideas in your own way.
Summarizing or paraphrasing the work or ideas of another without citing and referencing the original source.
E.g. A researcher incorporates ideas or data from another researcher’s study, but rewrites the information in his/her words without providing proper citation.

10. Types of plagiarism 4. Self-plagiarism
Submitting, in whole or in part, your own work which has previously been submitted elsewhere, without citing and referencing the earlier work.
E.g. A researcher inserts sections of text from an earlier published manuscript (e.g. Methods section) in a new manuscript, without citing the earlier work.

11. Types of plagiarism 5. Invalid Source
When researchers reference either an incorrect or nonexistent source.

12. Types of plagiarism 6. Misleading Attribution (Inaccurate authorship)
An inaccurate or insufficient list of authors who contributed to a manuscript.
E.g.
When authors are denied credit for partial or significant contributions made to a study
When authors are cited in a paper although no contributions were made.
Collaborating with another researcher and then presenting the resulting work as one’s own

13. Why does plagiarism occur?
Intentional (Fraud)
Borrowing, purchasing, or obtaining work composed by someone else and submitted under another's name.
Unintentional (Often results from students' inexperience)
Simply not understanding what plagiarism is.
Not citing or referencing properly within your work.
Pressure from deadlines and poor time-management leading to a ‘cut and paste’ approach
Disorganized research and note-taking leading to confusion between your own thoughts and ideas taken from other sources.
Lack of confidence in putting things into your own words (poor paraphrasing).

14. Possible consequences of plagiarism
Plagiarism is considered stealing, but the concept does not exist in a legal sense.
Institutions and journals have specific guidelines and disciplinary procedures
Lower grades
Thesis not accepted, thesis stripped of
Expulsion from university/no degree
Loss of job
Articles rejected by journals and employer informed
Loss of scholarly reputation

15. Why does plagiarism matter to you?
Very common (30% of students’ papers)
As researcher, you need to know it to avoid it in your future research work
As lecturer, you need to know it to detect it in:
Students’ projects/thesis (supervisor/examiner)
Research papers (reviewer of journals/scientific promotion)

16. Detecting Plagiarism
What do you think is the easiest, simply available method to detect plagiarism?

17. Detecting Plagiarism 1. Google
Google 4-6 words, a sentence, a paragraph
You might find a similar study
Compare it with the submitted study for similarities

18. Detecting Plagiarism
2. Simple free plagiarism detection software (e.g., plagiarismchecker.com)
Clipart Source:
Harris, 2004, citation: Harris, R. (2004). Anti-Plagiarism Strategies for Research Papers, retrieved on 8/20/08 from

19. Detecting Plagiarism 3. Plagiarism checking software
There are many types of plagiarism tools to check students' and researchers’ work for improper citation or potential plagiarism.
Most international peer review journals and institutions use these tools to check submitted manuscripts or thesis.
These tools compare the submitted work against the world's largest academic database.

20. Examples of plagiarism checking software
Most commonly used by institutions and journals
Watch this “Originality check demo”
Buy online credits - $50 per manuscript (25,000 words) and discount for multiple manuscripts
plagiarismdetect.com
Per page price

21. Principles of anti-plagiarism
Most journals and institutions do not accept if ≥30% of manuscript/thesis has been copied from various previously published sources.
Direct copying of sentences or paragraphs is only acceptable;
A reference is provided.
By putting the copied section in “quotation marks” to indicate that the section is not your own words.

22. Results from plagiarism checker

23. How to avoid plagiarism

24. How to avoid plagiarism
Students and researchers should become aware of plagiarism
Sign declaration that have understood what is plagiarism and will avoid it
Training course and presentations on plagiarism
Check for plagiarism
Establish clear guidelines for plagiarized cases
Warning, lower grades, repeat assignment, fail, expel

25. How to avoid plagiarism
Write your own ideas and in your own words
Cite your sources
Learn to quote and paraphrase your sources properly
Draw from many sources
Map out your argument and then bring in sources to support it
Never copy more than 3-4 words in a row from a source without using quotation marks
Never use special words or phrases without properly quoting and citing them

26. What do I need to cite? You should always provide references for
Direct quotations
Summaries, paraphrases
Charts, graphs, diagrams, if not yours
Results of others’ research

27. What I don’t need to cite?
You don’t need to provide references for
Common knowledge or facts E.g.: In Iraq, health services are provided by public and private health sectors. The public health sector includes a network of primary health care centers and hospitals.
Your own arguments and original ideas
E.g.: This study showed that the participants had negative experience with the antenatal care at PHCCs and preferred to use private care, but they rarely used the latter. This could be the kind of viewpoint of many poor people who cannot afford to use the private care.

28. How to avoid plagiarism
Direct quotation
If you quote directly from the source:
Indicate the quoted passage by quotation marks “……”
Provide a citation within the text
Link the citation of quoted material to the reference
Remember, you should keep direct quotations to the minimum in the manuscript.

29. Example of direct quotation with proper citation
Original text (WHO Global Status Report on Road Safety-2013):
Approximately 1.24 million people die every year on the world’s roads, and another 20 to 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries as a result of road traffic crashes.
Student work
According to the Global Status Report on Road Safety-2013, “approximately 1.24 million people die every year on the world’s roads, and another 20 to 50 million sustain nonfatal injuries as a result of road traffic crashes” (WHO, 2013).
References:
WHO (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a decade of action. Luxembourg: WHO.

30. How to avoid plagiarism
2. Paraphrasing
Paraphrase the original source rather than directly quoting
Indicated the source of the original ideas by providing a citation in the text
Provide the full reference in the bibliography
This is more commonly used than direct quoting

31. Example of paraphrasing with proper citation
Original text Approximately 1.24 million people die every year on the world’s roads, and another 20 to 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries as a result of road traffic crashes.
Student work
Road traffic accidents claim an estimated 1.24 million lives and 20 to 50 million nonfatal injuries in the world every year (WHO, 2013).
References:
WHO (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a decade of action. Luxembourg: WHO.

32. Questions