1. Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Objectives
Define temperature in terms of the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules.
Convert temperature readings between the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
Recognize heat as a form of energy transfer.

2. Temperature and Energy
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature and Energy
Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold) something is.
Specifically, it is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. As the average kinetic energy of an object increases, its temperature will increase.
A thermometer is an instrument that measures and indicates temperature.

3. Measuring Temperature
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Measuring Temperature

4. Temperature and Energy
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature and Energy
Fahrenheit and Celsius are common scales used for measuring temperatures.
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32ºF and boils at 212ºF.
The Celsius scale, which is widely used in science, gives a value of 0ºC to the freezing point of water and a value of 100ºC to the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure.

5. Temperature and Energy
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature and Energy
Fahrenheit-Celsius Conversion Equations
A degree Celsius is 1.8 times as large as a degree Fahrenheit. Also, the temperature at which water freezes differs for the two scales by 32 degrees.
TF = Fahrenheit temperature
t = Celsius temperature

6. Temperature and Energy
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature and Energy
The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero.
Absolute zero is the temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum (0 K on the Kelvin scale or –273.16ºC on the Celsius scale).
Celsius-Kelvin Conversion Equation
T = t + 237
T = Kelvin temperature
t = Celsius temperature

7. Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature Scales

8. Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Math Skills
Temperature Scale Conversion The highest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on Earth was 57.8ºC. Express this temperature both in degrees Fahrenheit and in kelvins.
List the given and the unknown values.
Given:
Unknown:

9. Relating Temperature to Energy Transfer
Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Relating Temperature to Energy Transfer
Temperature changes indicate an energy transfer.
Heat is the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.
The transfer of energy as heat always takes place from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature.
For example, if you hold a glass of ice water in your hands, energy will be transferred as heat from your hand to the glass.

10. Chapter 13
Section 1 Temperature
Temperature and Heat

11. Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Objectives
Investigate and demonstrate how energy is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
Identify and distinguish between conductors and insulators.
Solve problems involving specific heat.

12. Methods of Energy Transfer
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Methods of Energy Transfer
The transfer of heat energy from a hot object can occur in three ways:
Thermal conduction is the transfer of energy as heat through a material.
Convection is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations.
Radiation is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves.

13. Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Thermal Conduction
Conduction involves objects in direct contact.
Conduction takes place when two objects that are in contact are at unequal temperatures.

14. Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Convection
Convection results from the movement of warm fluids.
During convection, energy is carried away by a heated fluid that expands and rises above cooler, denser fluids.
A convection current is the vertical movement of air currents due to temperature variations.

15. Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Methods of Energy Transfer, continued
Radiation
Radiation is energy transferred as heat in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not involve the movement of matter.
Radiation is therefore the only method of energy transfer that can take place in a vacuum.
Much of the energy we receive from the sun is transferred by radiation.

16. Comparing Convection, Conduction, and Radiation
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Comparing Convection, Conduction, and Radiation

17. Conductors and Insulators
Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Conductors and Insulators
Any material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat is called a conductor.
Poor conductors are called insulators.
Gases are extremely poor conductors.
Liquids are also poor conductors.
Some solids, such as rubber and wood, are good insulators.
Most metals are good conductors.

18. Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Specific Heat
Specific heat describes how much energy is required to raise an object’s temperature.
Specific heat is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogenous material 1 K or 1°C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume.
Specific Heat Equation
energy = (specific heat)  (ms)  (temperature change)
energy = cmDt

20. Chapter 13
Section 2 Energy Transfer
Math Skills
Specific Heat How much energy must be transferred as heat to the 420 kg of water in a bathtub in order to raise the water’s temperature from 25°C to 37°C?
1. List the given and the unknown values.
Given:
/kg• K (from table in textbook)
Unknown: energy = ? J

21. Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Objectives
Describe the concepts of different heating and cooling systems.
Compare different heating and cooling systems in terms of their transfer of usable energy.
Explain how a heat engine uses heat energy to do work.

22. Heating and Cooling Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating and Cooling
Heating a house in the winter, cooling an office building in the summer, or preserving food throughout the year is possible because of machines that transfer energy as heat from one place to another.
These machines operate with two principles about energy that you have already studied:
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy used in any process—whether that energy is transferred as a result of work, heat, or both—is conserved.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the energy transferred as heat always moves from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.

23. Air Conditioner Chapter 13 Section 3 Using Heat
One example is an air conditioner. An air conditioner does work to remove energy as heat from the warm air inside a room and then transfers the energy to the warmer air outside the room.

24. Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating Systems
Most heating systems use a source of energy to raise the temperature of a substance such as air or water.
The human body is a heating system. Some of the energy from food is transferred as heat to blood moving throughout the human body to maintain a temperature of about 37°C (98.6°F).
In central heating systems, heated water or air transfers energy as heat.
Solar heating systems also use warmed air or water.

25. Heating Systems, continued
Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating Systems, continued
In the solar system shown here, a solar collector uses panels to gather energy radiated by the sun.
This energy is used to heat water that is then moved throughout the house.
This is an active solar heating system because it uses energy from another source, such as electricity, to move the heated water.

26. Heating Systems, continued
Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating Systems, continued
In a passive solar heating system, energy transfer is accomplished by radiation and convection.
In this example, energy from sunlight is absorbed in a rooftop panel.
Pipes carry the hot fluid that exchanges heat energy with the air in each room.

27. Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating Systems

28. Heating Systems, continued
Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heating Systems, continued
When energy can be easily transformed and transferred to accomplish a task, such as heating a room, we say that the energy is in a usable form.
After this transfer, the same amount of energy is present, according to the law of conservation of energy. Yet less of it is in a form that can be used.
In general, the amount of usable energy always decreases whenever energy is transferred or transformed.
Insulation minimizes undesirable energy transfers.

29. Cooling Systems Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Cooling Systems
In all cooling systems, energy is transferred as heat from one substance to another, leaving the first substance with less energy and thus a lower temperature.
A refrigerant is a material used to cool an area or an object to a temperature that is lower than the temperature of the environment. During each operating cycle, the refrigerant evaporates into a gas and then condenses back into a liquid.

30. Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Refrigeration

31. Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Heat Engines
A heat engine is a machine that transforms heat into mechanical energy, or work.
Internal combustion engines burn fuel inside the engine.
An automobile engine is a four-stroke engine, because four strokes take place for each cycle of the piston.
The four strokes are called intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
Internal combustion engines vary in number of pistons.

32. Internal Combustion Engine
Chapter 13
Section 3 Using Heat
Internal Combustion Engine