1. Colligative Properties

2. occurs when neutral combinations of particles separate into ions while in aqueous solution. sodium chloride sodium hydroxide hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid acetic acid Dissociation In general, acids yield hydrogen ions in aqueous solution; bases yield hydroxide ions. NaCl  Na 1+ + Cl 1– NaOH  Na 1+ + OH 1– HCl  H 1+ + Cl 1– H 2 SO 4  2 H 1+ + SO 4 2– CH 3 COOH  CH 3 COO 1– + H 1+ (H 1+ ) (OH 1– ) ? ?

3. NaCl Na 1+ + Cl 1– CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO 1– + H 1+ Weak electrolytes exhibit little dissociation. “Strong” or “weak” is a property of the substance. We can’t change one into the other. Strong electrolytes exhibit nearly 100% dissociation. NOT in water:10000 0 in aq. solution: 1 999 999 NOT in water: 1000 0 0 in aq. solution: 980 20 20

4. electrolytes: solutes that dissociate in solution -- conduct electric current because of free-moving ions e.g., acids, bases, most ionic compounds -- are crucial for many cellular processes -- obtained in a healthy diet -- For sustained exercise or a bout of the flu, sports drinks ensure adequate electrolytes. nonelectrolytes: solutes that DO NOT dissociate -- DO NOT conduct electric current (not enough ions) e.g., any type of sugar

5. …normal boiling point (NBP)…higher BP FREEZING PT. DEPRESSION BOILING PT. ELEVATION Colligative Properties  depend on concentration of a solution Compared to solvent’s… a solution w/that solvent has a… …normal freezing point (NFP)…lower FP

6. 1. salting roads in winter FP BP water0 o C (NFP) 100 o C (NBP) 2. antifreeze (AF) /coolant FP BP water0 o C (NFP) 100 o C (NBP) water + a little AF–10 o C110 o C 50% water + 50% AF–35 o C130 o C water + a little salt water + more salt –11 o C 103 o C –18 o C105 o C Applications (NOTE: Data are fictitious.)

7. 3. law enforcement white powder starts melting at… finishes melting at… penalty, if convicted A109 o C175 o Ccomm. service B150 o C180 o C2 years C194 o C196 o C20 years

8. Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point Boiling Point of Water at Various Locations Location Feet above sea level P atm (kPa) Boiling Point (  C) Top of Mt. Everest, Tibet29,0283270 Top of Mt. Denali, Alaska20,32045.379 Top of Mt. Whitney, California14,49457.385 Leadville, Colorado10,1506889 Top of Mt. Washington, N.H.6,29378.693 Boulder, Colorado5,43081.394 Madison, Wisconsin90097.399 New York City, New York10101.3100 Death Valley, California-282102.6100.3