1. Communication Synthesis: Buses and Network-on-Chip (NOC) Dr. Eng. Amr T. Abdel-Hamid ELECT 1002 Spring 2008 System-On-a-Chip Design

2. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design The SoC nightmare The architecture is tightly coupled Source: Prof Jan Rabaey CS-252-2000 UC Berkeley DMACPUDSP Mem Ctrl. Bridge MPEG Ioo The “Board-on-a-Chip” Approach C System Bus Peripheral Bus

3. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Very long wires 1 ns (1 GHz)0.1 ns (10 GHz) A B A B Year 2005Year 2010

4. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Why NoC?  Global wire delays  increase exponentially or linearly by inserting repeaters  The delay may exceed one clock cycle after repeater insertion  In ultra-deep submicron processes, 80% or more of the delay of cr itical paths will be due to interconnections  Communication structures need to be designed first and then followed by fun ctional blocks

5. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Homogeneous SoC (MP-SoC) CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM CPU MEM Interconnection network (BUS, XBAR)

6. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Why not bus?  Shared medium arbitrated bus, the most frequently used on-chip interconnect architectures  Pros  Simple, low area cost, and extensibility  Cons  The intrinsic parasitic resistance and capacitance can be quite high fo r a long bus line  Every additional IP block adds to parasitic capacitance and causes inc reased propagation delay  The number of IP blocks that can be connected by the bus is limited

7. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design On-Chip Communication  Bus based interconnect  Low cost  Easier to Implement  Flexible  Networks on Chip  Layered Approach  Buses replaced with Networked arc hitectures  Better electrical properties  Higher bandwidth  Energy efficiency  Scalable Irregular architectures Regular Architectures Bus-based architectures

8. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Network on Chip Software Transport Network Wiring Separation of concerns Software Transport Network Wiring Data Link Layer  Communication-based Design  Orthogonalizes function and communication  Builds on well-known models-of-computation and correct-by-constru ction synthesis flow  Parallels layered approach exploited by communications community

9. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design NoC What is Network-on-Chip (NoC)? Leveraging existing computer networking principles to improve inter- component intra-chip communications for SoC. Each on chip component connected by switch to a particular comm wire(s) Improvement over standard bus based interconnections for SoC architectures in terms of throughput

10. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design SOC Current Trend  Explicitly parallel SoC architectures  Integrating huge amounts of Memory in chip designs  Distributed Shared Memory Environments  Should allow Interconnection centric design flow and better predictab ility  Physical design Closure  Wire delay dominates gate delay

11. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Design goal of NoC  High throughput  Low latency  Less energy consumption  Small area requirements  Network-on-Chip Basics:  Architectures  Routing Strategies  Evaluation

12. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Routing: Circuit/Packet Switching Circuit Switching Dedicated path, or circuit, is established over which data packets will travel Naturally lends itself to time-sensitive guaranteed service due to resource allocation Reservation of bandwidth decreases overall throughput and increases average delays Packet Switching Intermediate routers are now responsible for the routing of individual packets through the network, rather than following a single path Provides for so-called best-effort services

13. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Routing: Wormhole/Virtual Cut Through Wormhole Switching Message is divided up into smaller, fixed length flow units called flits Only first flit contains routing information, subsequent flits follow Buffer size is significantly reduced due to the limitation on the number of flits needed to be buffered at any given time Virtual Cut Through Switching Much like Wormhole switching Header flit can travel ahead and undergo processing while remaining flits are still navigating the network Higher acceptance rates and lower latencies than Wormhole

14. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Wormhole Switching

15. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Routing: Contention Contention occurs when routers or IP blocks attempt to send data over the same link at the same time For Circuit switching, contention is resolved at the time of actual connection setup For packet switching, contention resolution is handled at a much finer level, by the router buffering and scheduling individual packets of information Better overall performance for packet switched networks at the cost of lack of service guarantee

16. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: SPIN SPIN: Scalable, Programmable, Integrated Network Every level has same number switches Network grows like (NlogN)/8 Trades area overhead and decreased power efficiency for higher throughput Illustrative of performance vs. power consumption

17. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: CLICHE CLICHÉ: Chip-Level Integration of Communicating Heterogeneous Elements Two-dimensional mesh network layout for NoC design All switches are connected to the four closest other switches and target resource block, except those switches on the edge of the layout Connections are two unidirectional links

18. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: Torus Similar to mesh based architectures Wires are wrapped around from the top component to the bottom and rightmost to leftmost Smaller hop count Higher bandwidth Decreased Contention Increased chip space usage

19. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: Folded Torus Similar to Torus Torus, the long end-around connections can yield excessive delays Avoided by folding the torus

20. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: Octagon Standard model: 8 components, 12 interconnects Design complexity increases linearly with number of nodes Largest packet travel distance is two hops High throughput Shortest path routing easy to implement

21. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Architectures: BFT BFT: Butterfly Fat Tree Each node in tree model has coordinates (level, position) where level is depth and position is from left to right Leaves are component blocks Interior nodes are switches Four child ports per switch and two parent ports LogN levels, ith level has n/(2^i+1) switches, n = leaves (blocks) Use traffic aggregation to reduce congestion

22. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Network interface  Open Core Protocol (OCP)  An interface standard between IP cores and the interconnection f abric

23. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Packet Format Type: Head, Data, Tail and Complete VCID: Virtual Channel Identifier Route: ‘N’ bit route field with last 2 bits specifying the Route to be used in the next controller 00 - Left 01 - Right 10 - Straight 11 - Extract Data: Actual Data field

24. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Routing Example

25. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Simulation A simulator is used to investigate various metrics: Each system consists of 256 functional IP blocks Wormhole routing is used User can choose uniform and localized traffic Support both Poisson and self-similar message injection distributions A flit is only one word (36 bits, 4 bits are for packet framing).

26. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Area comparison  SPIN and Octagon have a considerably higher silicon area overhead.

27. Dr. Amr Talaat ELECT1002 SoC Design Projected performance