1. Ch 13
Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853

2. Manifest Destiny, 1810–1853
Westward expansion has political, economic, and social effects on the development of the United States.

3. Mountain Men Open the West
Mountain men explore the West while searching for furs
They provide knowledge of West that helps later pioneers move west
Jedediah Smith finds South Pass that was later used by pioneers as wagon trail

4. The Lure of the West
Many use the West to make money and take land from Native Americans
Land speculators buy huge areas of land, hope value will increase
If value goes up, speculators divide land into smaller sections

5. The Lure of the West
Make great profits selling sections to thousands of settlers
Manufacturers and merchants soon follow the settlers west
They hope to earn money, making, and selling items farmers need

6. Oregon Country

7. The Trail to Santa Fe
Mexico gains independence (1821) and opens its borders to American traders
William Becknell goes to Santa Fe, New Mexico, opens Santa Fe Trail 
He makes profit trading, news spreads, traders can get rich in New Mexico

8. The Trail to Santa Fe
Becknell makes another trip to Santa Fe, uses a shortcut
Soon hundreds of traders use same route from Missouri to New Mexico

9. Oregon Fever
Hundreds of settlers begin migrating west on the Oregon Trail  
First whites to cross to Oregon are missionaries
U.S. and Britain argue over ownership of Oregon

10. Oregon Fever
Missionaries report about Oregon’s rich land, attract many settlers
In 1843, nearly 1,000 people travel from Missouri to Oregon

11. The Mormon Trail
Mormons—members of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Many people do not like Mormons because:
practice of polygamy
object to their holding of property in common

12. The Mormon Trail
Mob kills Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Mormons decide to leave U.S.
Next leader, Brigham Young, leads 1,600 Mormons to Utah (1847)
Build settlement by the Great Salt Lake

13. Americans Support Manifest Destiny
West occupied by Native Americans and Mexicans
Americans view West as unoccupied, many want to settle in region
Manifest Destiny—U.S. expansion from Atlantic to the Pacific is sure to happen

14. Americans Support Manifest Destiny
Manifest destiny becomes U.S. policy under President James K. Polk
U.S. and Britain divide Oregon territory at 49th parallel (1846)

15. Mexican – American War

16. Troubles with Mexico
U.S. Congress admits Texas as slave state (1846) this angers Mexico
Texas and Mexico do not agree on official border, U.S. diplomacy fails
General Zachary Taylor stations U.S. troops in disputed region

17. Troubles with Mexico
Action viewed by Mexico as an act of war, Mexico attacks U.S. patrol
Congress declares war on Mexico, some Americans are against war
Southerners want to extend slavery into Texas, Northerners do not

18. The Invasion of Mexico
General Zachary Taylor leads U.S. troops into Mexico from Texas
Fights Santa Anna and Mexican troops at Buena Vista, the Mexican troops retreat

19. The Invasion of Mexico
General Winfield Scott and U.S. troops land in Veracruz, Mexico
They head inland to Mexico City, fight Mexican troops, and capture Mexico City

20. The Mexican Cession
War ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Mexico recognizes Texas as a part of the U.S. and the Rio Grande as Mexican/U.S. border

21. The Mexican Cession
Mexico gives up vast region known as the Mexican Cession:
amounts to almost one-half of Mexico
U.S. pays Mexico $15 million for region

22. The Mexican Cession
Mexicans in U.S. become a minority and contribute to American culture

23. “From Sea to Shining Sea”
Mexico sells land to U.S., the Gadsden Purchase (1853):
costs U.S. $10 million
includes southern New Mexico and Arizona

24. “From Sea to Shining Sea”
In 1848, the U.S. extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific
President Polk learns gold was found in California

26. California Gold Rush

27. California Before the Rush
Before gold rush, California is populated by Native Americans and Californios
Californios—California settlers of Spanish or Mexican descent
Most live on huge cattle ranches

28. Rush for Gold
News of gold discovery spreads rapidly and starts California gold rush
Gold rush occurs when many people move to where gold has been found

29. Rush for Gold
Thousands of gold seekers set out to California using one of 3 routes:
sail around South America and up Pacific coast
sail to Isthmus of Panama, crossover, then sail to California
travel overland across North America

30. Life in the Mining Camps
Forty-niners—people who go to California to find gold, starting 1849
Often live in camps with colorful names like Coyote Diggings, or Hangtown

31. Life in the Mining Camps
Camp life is dangerous and the mining is hard work, few find much gold
Miners pay high prices for supplies and con artists swindle miners

32. Miners from Around the World
Two-thirds of miners are Americans, mostly white men
Miners also include Native Americans, free blacks, and enslaved African Americans
Many miners come from Mexico, Europe, South America, Australia, and China

33. Miners from Around the World
Chinese miners are mostly peasant farmers who flee region when crops fail
Chinese are patient miners and make “played-out” sites yield profits
American miners resent successful Chinese miners

34. Conflicts Among Miners
Some American miners force Native American and foreign miners to leave
California becomes U.S. state and passes Foreign Miners Tax (1850):
imposes  $20 monthly tax on foreign miners
causes miners from other countries to leave their mines

35. Conflicts Among Miners
Chinese open shops, restaurants, laundries, and settle in San Francisco

36. The Impact of the Gold Rush
During gold rush 250,000 people flood into California and it is over by 1852
San Francisco becomes center for banking, shipping, and trade
Gold rush ruins many Californios, Americans seize their property

37. The Impact of the Gold Rush
Thousands of Native Americans die from diseases brought by miners
Anglo-Americans kill thousands of Native Americans
Due to gold rush, California has enough people to apply for statehood
California is admitted as free state in 1850

38. The Impact of the Gold Rush
Outlaws slavery but does not grant African Americans right to vote
Southerners fear California will upset the balance between slave and free states
Conflict over issue threatens survival of the Union