1. Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation

2. Section 1 – Timeline Review

3. Timeline Review 1775: Second Continental Congress –First met in response to the Intolerable Acts –Governed the U.S. for 6 years 1781: Articles of Confederation –Effective March 1 –Power to: Have an army Declare war Deal with Native Americans Start a mail service Borrow money Ask states for money to run national government

4. Timeline Review 1781: Articles of Confederation –Trouble right away No power to: –Tax people to raise money –Settle arguments between states –Control trade among states Large states angry that smaller states had same amount of power in Congress 1783: Treaty of Paris –Ended American Revolution

5. Timeline Review After the American Revolution, the U.S. suffered economic depression –Business activity slows –Prices and wages fall –Unemployment rises Shays Rebellion –Daniel Shays

6. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 1 st law: Land Ordinance of 1785 –Set up a method of surveying or measuring land »One of most important items in the ordinance »Land was divided into townships »One section to be kept for schools »Still used in much of U.S. today –Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River) and later land west of Mississippi River was measured this way

7. The U.S. Grows Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S. –Congress passed 2 laws 2 nd law: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 –Organized Northwest Territory »Set up government & outlawed slavery »Provided for region to be divided into 3-5 separate territories in future –A new territory with population of 5,000 adult men could elect own lawmakers –When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it could ask Congress to become a state

8. The U.S. Grows Territory (definition) = land belonging to U.S. but not yet divided into states –People had same freedoms as others living in states Northwest Territory –Native Americans not happy –President Washington later sent several military forces to fight Native Americans

11. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –In June, George Washington headed meeting of leaders in Philadelphia to improve Articles of Confederation –They decided instead to write a new plan for government –James Madison, historian

12. Timeline Review 1787: Constitutional Convention –Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise –Allowed slave trade for at least 20 years –On September 17, the new Constitution of U.S. was completed –James Madison – Father of U.S. Constitution

13. James Madison Constitutional Convention historian Father of U.S. Constitution

14. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Federalists – supported the new Constitution Favored a strong national government James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay –Antifederalists – opposed the new Constitution Favored strong State governments Main argument was the Constitution had no Bill of Rights Most people were afraid the Constitution: –made national government too strong –made States too weak –gave President too much power

15. Wrote the Federalist Papers defending the Constitution James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

16. Timeline Review 1787: Constitution –Thomas Jefferson suggested adding Bill of Rights To help protect rights of Americans –9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution for it to become effective 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified –Became the law –George Washington became 1 st President on April 30

17. George Washington John Adams 1 st President 1 st Vice President George Washington had great power, but not nearly as much as a king

18. Section 2 – George Washington Administration 1789-1797

19. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary Handle relations with other nations –War Henry Knox, Secretary Handle military matters

20. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Condoleezza Rice Secretary of War Henry Knox Secretary of Defense Robert Gates

21. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Departments set up by Congress –Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary Handle money matters & raise money for government

22. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton Henry Paulson

23. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress –Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State –Henry Knox – Secretary of War –Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury –Edmund Randolph – Attorney General Handle legal matters

24. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Attorney General Edmund Randolph Michael Mukasey

25. Alexander Hamilton Started Bank of U.S. Government debt –One of his biggest problems –Taxed liquor made & sold in U.S. Whiskey Rebellion 1794

26. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 For a nation to become great, its laws must be obeyed Whiskey Rebellion 1794 –First problem to challenge Washington –Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax –Washington sent an army of 15,000 to Pennsylvania –Government’s show of strength worked & farmers paid the tax

27. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 1789 French Revolution –At first, most Americans wanted to support French –But when it turned radically violent, Americans became divided –Pres. Washington wanted to remain neutral He wanted to stay out of “squabbles” of European nations He issued the Neutrality Proclamation –U.S. would not support either side –Forbade Americans from aiding French in any way

28. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 July 1790 –Congress passed bill providing for new capital city Washington D.C. Not part of any state

29. Washington, D.C.

30. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington was President for 2 terms –In 1796, he said no one should be president more than twice John Adams was elected 2 nd President Washington retired to his home in Mt. Vernon, Virginia

31. George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797 Washington’s Farewell Address –Announced his retirement –Cautioned U.S. to “steer clear of permanent alliances” Otherwise, U.S. would get pulled into war –Urged U.S. to remain neutral in relations with other countries Warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs This advice guided American foreign policy for many years –Urged Americans to avoid political parties

32. Section 3 Rise of Political Parties U.S. Growth & Expansion

33. Rise of Political Parties Grew up around 2 of Washington’s advisors –Alexander Hamilton Federalists –Thomas Jefferson Democratic Republicans

34. Hamilton & Jefferson & Federalists Democratic Republicans More power to Federal government Foreign policy –Close ties with Britain –Use Britain as model for U.S. Economy based on manufacturing Wealthy and well educated should lead nation More power to States Foreign policy –Close ties with France –Use France as model for U.S. Economy based on agriculture People should have political power

35. Rise of Political Parties Newspapers grow to meet demand for information –Take sides with political parties –Great influence on public opinion

36. John Adams – 2 nd President of U.S. 1 term: 1797-1801 Federalist Avoided war with France –American show of strength with navy Built up American navy –Raised taxes Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

37. 1800 Election Electors tie House of Representatives select Thomas Jefferson –End of Federalist era

38. Thomas Jefferson – 3 rd President of U.S. 2 terms: 1801-1809 Democratic Republican Louisiana Purchase –Doubled size of U.S. –Most significant achievement of administration –Lewis & Clark Expedition

39. James Madison – 4 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1809-1817 Democratic Republican Stopped trade with England & France War of 1812

40. Causes –British impressment & seizure of ships & goods –Indian unrest in West, encouraged by British –“War Hawks” wanted Canada & Florida

41. War of 1812 British marched on Washington D.C. –Burned White House & Capitol Dolly Madison saved paintings & documents Battle of Fort McHenry –Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh

42. War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ends war –Status quo ante bellum Each side retained territory held prior to war –Impressment issue left unsettled

43. War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans in 1815 –Before news of Treaty reached America –General Andrew Jackson defeats British 2,000 British killed 21 Americans died

44. War of 1812 Effects (or results) –Often called the Second War of Independence –Marked end of U.S. economic dependence on Britain –First great step in moving from agrarian nation to industrial giant

45. Industrial Revolution – Early 1800s Machines replaced hand tools New sources of power replaced human & animal power –Steam & electricity Shift from farming to manufacturing –People began moving from farms to cities Rise in immigration

46. Industrial Revolution Factories –Owners mostly hired women & children –12 hours/day, 6 days/week –Competition led to poor working conditions & low wages Growing cities –Hazards –Attractions

47. James Monroe – 5 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1817-1825 Democratic Republican Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Missouri History

48. Monroe Doctrine Foreign policy statement –U.S. will not interfere in affairs of European nations or their colonies –Warned European nations not to interfere with independent nations in Western Hemisphere –Cornerstone of American foreign policy for rest of 19 th century

49. 1824 Election – 4 Candidates 1 st mud-slinging election William Crawford John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay

50. John Quincy Adams – 6 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1825-1829 National Republican Party

51. 1828 Election Bitter contest between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson 1830s –Two new political parties grew out of J.Q. Adams and A. Jackson conflict Whigs: People who supported Adams’ programs for national growth –Wanted government to spur the economy Democrats: Jackson supporters –Roots of today’s Democratic Party

52. Andrew Jackson – 7 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1829-1837 Democratic Party Indian Removal Act –Indians forced to sign treaties agreeing to move west of Mississippi River –Opened Indian land to white settlers –Protected Indians from whites Trail of Tears

53. Andrew Jackson – 7 th President of U.S. Very popular with the people Spoils system –Practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs

54. 1821: –Americans receive land grants in Texas from Spain –Mexico won independence from Spain, but agreed to let Americans settle in Texas –Stephen Austin took wagon train to Mexico Settlers were mostly from Farmington, Ste. Genevieve, and Perry County

55. Texas land free to Americans – under conditions: –Must agree to become Mexican citizens & obey Mexican laws –Must be Catholic –No slaves

56. 1830: –20,000 Americans had settled in Texas Felt no loyalty to Mexico Spoke little Spanish Most were Protestants –Mexico closed border to Americans 1836: –Texans declare independence from Mexico

57. 1836: –The Alamo General Santa Anna attacked with 6,000 Mexican troops Less than 200 Americans lasted for 13 days –William Travis –David Bowie –Davy Crockett 183 Texans and 1,500 Mexicans died –Texan survivors of the battle were executed Viewed by Americans as a slaughter –A generation grew up hating Mexicans

59. Americans flooded to join Sam Houston’s army & fight the Mexicans –“Remember the Alamo!” Most Texans wanted to become part of U.S. President Jackson thought would lead to war with Mexico U.S. refused to annex Texas Texas became Lone Star Republic

60. Martin Van Buren – 8 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1837-1841 Democratic Party Politician (not a war hero)

61. Martin Van Buren – 8 th President of U.S. Panic of 1837 –Worst economic crisis nation had known –Speculators bought land in West –Cotton prices went down –Banks failed –Depression 90% of factories closed –President took little action

62. William Henry Harrison – 9 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1841 Whig Party Vice President: –John Tyler

63. William Henry Harrison – 9 th President of U.S. Hero of Tippecanoe –“Tippecanoe and Tyler too” New sort of campaign and politics –Politicians made speeches –Candidates campaigned at rallies & banquets –Political parties competed by offering exciting entertainment –Both parties involved in name-calling, half truths & lies

64. John Tyler – 10 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1841-1845 Whig Party Vice President: –None First Vice President to succeed a President who died in office A Whig (formerly a Democrat) All but one of his Cabinet members resigned Whigs through Tyler out of the political party Few friends in either party – accomplished little during his term

65. John Tyler – 10 th President of U.S. 1843: Westward Ho! –Wagon trains began taking thousands to Oregon Country Greater than 50,000 Americans went to Oregon from 1840- 1860

66. Manifest Destiny The belief that the U.S. had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. For Americans, racism justified taking over lands belonging to Indians and Mexicans whom they considered inferior.

67. James K. Polk – 11 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1845-1849 Democratic Party Expansionist president 1846 Oregon Treaty 1846 Mexican War

68. Zachary Taylor – 12 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1849-1850 Whig Party Vice President: –Millard Fillmore General in Mexican War

69. Millard Fillmore – 13 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1850-1853 Whig Party Vice President: –None Compromise of 1850 –Final attempt to resolve slavery issue & prevent civil war –Fugitive Slave Act

70. Franklin Pierce – 14 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1853-1857 Democratic Party

71. Franklin Pierce – 14 th President of U.S. 1853 Gadsden Purchase –Purchased from Mexico for southern transcontinental railroad –Completed modern outline of 48 U.S. states

72. Franklin Pierce – 14 th President of U.S. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act –Repealed Missouri Compromise by allowing Kansas & Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery – the concept of popular sovereignty

73. James Buchanan – 15 th President of U.S. 1 term: 1857-1861 Democratic Party Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision

74. Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins –He believes slavery is wrong Before Buchanan stepped down, 7 states seceded from the U.S. & became the Confederate States of America –South Carolina (1 st ) –Alabama –Florida –Georgia –Louisiana –Mississippi –Texas

75. Steps to the Civil War 3/5 Compromise Industrial Revolution Missouri Compromise Mexican War Compromise of 1850 (Fugitive Slave Act) Kansas-Nebraska Act Supreme Court’s Dred Scott Decision

76. Abraham Lincoln – 16 th President of U.S. 2 terms: 1861-1865 Republican Party