1. Caroline Scott Kayleigh Schultz Temonie Butler Chloe Contreras CALIFORNIA AND THE SOUTHWEST Page 356-359

2. The entire southwest belonged to Mexico in the 1840s. New Mexico Territory included Arizona, New Mexico, all of Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Colorado. New Mexico Territory

3. Santa Fe Juan de Onate claimed the territory of new Mexico for Spain in 1598. Spain made Santa Fe the capital of New Mexico territory. Spain would not let American’s cross into Santa Fe until after Mexico won Independence. William Becknell was the first American to travel in this area. Soon other Americans followed his route which was called the Santa Fe Trail.

4. Father Junipero Serra And Captain Gaspar de Portola. Spanish soldiers and priests build the first permanent European settlements in California. In 1769 Captain Gaspar de Portola led a group of soldiers and missionaries up the Pacific coast. The chief Missionary was Father Junipero Serra. He built His first mission in San Diego.

5. Father Junipero Serra built mission in San Diego. He went to build eight others. Eventually, there were 21 Spanish missions along the California Coast. Each mission claimed the surrounding land and soon was able to take care of all its own needs. Spanish soldiers built forts near the missions. The missions supplied meat, grain, and other foods to the fort.

6. Indians were forced to work at the missions. They herded sheep and cattle and raised crops for the missions. In return, they lived at the mission and learned about the Roman Catolic religion. Many Spanish missionaries were truly concerned with converting the Indians to Christianity. However, mission life was hard. Thousand of native Americans died from overwork and diseases. Others simply ran away.

7. Many people believed that America should own California. The phrase Manifest Destiny was used by a New York newspaper editor to mean that American expansion would obviously happened. Manifest means clear or obvious.

8. During the time of Manifest Destiny there was an election. The two running presidents were James K. Polk and Henry Clay. Democrats made a campaign to win Oregon so America could expand it was 54’40’N or fight. James K. Polk supported it. Later on James K. Polk became the 11 th President of the United States in 1844.

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