1. Agricultural Biotechnology Altering Genes in Plants to Fight Pests and Improve Nutrition Altering Genes in Plants to Fight Pests and Improve Nutrition

2. Unique Methods for Plants Entire plants can be cultivated from a single non-reproductive cell Entire plants can be cultivated from a single non-reproductive cell Add gene cell with new gene mass of cells (callus) new plant

3. Unique Methods for Plants Rhizosecretion  Transgenic plant grown in water  Expression of gene in root cells  Secretion of gene product into surrounding medium

4. Tools of Agricultural Biotechnology Vectors Ti plasmid (tumor inducing) From a bacterium that infects plants Causes tumors Used for dicots Viruses Specific for plant types Used for monocots

5. Ti Plasmid Tumor-inducing plasmid from bacteria that integrates into plant DNA Tumor-inducing plasmid from bacteria that integrates into plant DNA Tumor-inducing genes removedTumor-inducing genes removed Insertion genes retainedInsertion genes retained Foreign genes positioned after bacterial promoterForeign genes positioned after bacterial promoter Antibiotic resistance gene as markerAntibiotic resistance gene as marker

6. Clarification Pause With a partner, identify differences in biotechnological methods used for plants and animalsWith a partner, identify differences in biotechnological methods used for plants and animals –items to consider gene deliverygene delivery transgenic organismstransgenic organisms gene expressiongene expression collection of the gene productcollection of the gene product

7. Plant Improvements Resistance to Pests Resistance to Pests Bt Corn: Produces its own Pesticide Bt Corn: Produces its own Pesticide Insect pests Gene for Bt toxin inserted into plants Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis Bt toxin = crystals that dissolve connections between cells in insect gut

8. Plant Improvements Resistance to Pests Viruses Ti plasmid carrying genes for viral capsid proteins into tomato and tobacco plantsTi plasmid carrying genes for viral capsid proteins into tomato and tobacco plants Mechanism of protection against viruses is unclearMechanism of protection against viruses is unclear Possibilities:Possibilities: viral protein blocks replicationviral protein blocks replication viral proteins bind cellular receptorsviral proteins bind cellular receptors

9. Plant Improvements Resistance to Herbicides Glyphosate(Roundup) Insert gene for mutant EPSPS enzyme that is less sensitive to Roundup EPSPS = enzyme needed to synthesize amino acids essential for growth Use of Ti plasmid to transfer gene

10. Effects of Treatment with Roundup Roundup Ready Soybeans Traditional Soybeans

11. Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Improved Handling and Storage Flavr-Savr Tomato Potato that Resists Bruising Flavr-Savr Tomato softens more slowly after ripening

12. Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Flavr- Savr Tomato Interference with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (polyGal) by antisense technologyInterference with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (polyGal) by antisense technology antisense sequence to polyGal mRNA is producedantisense sequence to polyGal mRNA is produced antisense sequence binds to polyGal mRNA and blocks production of the enzymeantisense sequence binds to polyGal mRNA and blocks production of the enzyme Vector also contains antibiotic resistance to kanamycin as markerVector also contains antibiotic resistance to kanamycin as marker

13. Antisense Technology Blocks the expression of a gene by producing a product that combines with mRNA from the gene 3’-TACGGTCGCCTG-5’5’-ATGCCAGCGGAC-3’ Sense strand Original Gene Template Antisense construct 5’-ATGCCAGCGGAC-3’3’-TACGGTCGCCTG-5’ AUGCCAGCGGACmRNA UACGGUCGCCUGAntisenseproduct mRNA cannot be translated 5’-AUGCCAGCGGAC-3’ mRNA 3’-UACGGUCGCCUG-5’ Antisenseproduct Promoter

14. Plant Improvements Improved Food Quality Nutrient Enhanced Foods Rice with beta-carotene and extra iron Improved Protein Corn Improved Oil Canola “Golden” rice

15. Plant Improvements Pharmaceutical Production in Plants 1.Soy and Corn seeds for production and storage of protein products Cytokines Blood Clotting Factors 2.Transgenic vegetables as vaccines Vaccine against travelers diarrhea in potatoes 3.Pharmaceutical delivery by Rhizosecretion Tested with jellyfish protein

16. Plant Improvements Textile, paper and wood products 1.Changes to facilitate manufacturing Gene for biodegradable plastic introduced into cotton Bacteria producing blue dye 2.Introduction of herbicide resistance Roundup Ready Cotton 3.Resistance to pests Bt cotton, Bt trees

17. Applying Your Knowledge A.Which plant has a gene for an altered amino acid synthesis EPSPS enzyme? B.Which plant makes its own pesticide? C.Which plant provides beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A? 1.Golden Rice 2.Improved Oil Canola 3.Roundup Ready Soybeans 4.Bt corn 5.Flavr-Savr Tomato

18. What Are the Concerns?