1. AFTER MAO

2. POWER STRUGGLE Hua Guofeng succeeds Mao Hua Guofeng succeeds Mao Mao’s nominee – “with you in charge I am at ease” Mao’s nominee – “with you in charge I am at ease” Provincial; little national experience Provincial; little national experience Arrests Gang of Four; apparently allying with right against left Arrests Gang of Four; apparently allying with right against left Arrests carried out by commander of Mao’s PLA bodyguard – Wang Dongxing Arrests carried out by commander of Mao’s PLA bodyguard – Wang Dongxing

3. POWER STRUGGLE Gang of Four had been accused of preparing coup Gang of Four had been accused of preparing coup Circumstantial evidence shows they were desperate about their position following Mao’s death Circumstantial evidence shows they were desperate about their position following Mao’s death Hua had in fact made a choice between allying with Gang of Four, or allying with Party veterans Hua had in fact made a choice between allying with Gang of Four, or allying with Party veterans

4. POWER STRUGGLE Hua’s own power soon came to be gradually eroded as he failed to establish his authority Hua’s own power soon came to be gradually eroded as he failed to establish his authority The rightists, and especially Deng Xiaoping, gradually re-emerged to take over. The rightists, and especially Deng Xiaoping, gradually re-emerged to take over.

5. DENG’S REHABILITATION Protected by a PLA ally in the south Protected by a PLA ally in the south By July 1977 appointed one of five party vice- chairmen By July 1977 appointed one of five party vice- chairmen December 1978 – key meeting – Third Plenum of the Central Committee December 1978 – key meeting – Third Plenum of the Central Committee Deng and the rightists establish effective control Deng and the rightists establish effective control

6. DENG’S REHABILITATION Surviving former associates of Liu Shaoqi were rehabilitated, re-taking office Surviving former associates of Liu Shaoqi were rehabilitated, re-taking office Liu himself rehabilitated later Liu himself rehabilitated later Tiananmen demonstration at Zhou Enlai’s memorial in 1976 now declared a justified revolutionary act Tiananmen demonstration at Zhou Enlai’s memorial in 1976 now declared a justified revolutionary act Left-wingers resigned – notably Wang Dongxin, and Mayor of Beijing Wu De Left-wingers resigned – notably Wang Dongxin, and Mayor of Beijing Wu De

7. DENG’S REHABILITATION Increasing view of Mao’s fallibility – a speech of Mao’s in which he confessed errors over GLF was published Increasing view of Mao’s fallibility – a speech of Mao’s in which he confessed errors over GLF was published This increasingly undermined Hua’s position This increasingly undermined Hua’s position Key Deng allies secured important positions following Third Plenum Key Deng allies secured important positions following Third Plenum Hu Yaobang (head of CCP 1981); Zhao Ziyang (premier 1980). Hu Yaobang (head of CCP 1981); Zhao Ziyang (premier 1980). Deng himself became Chairman of CCP’s Military Affairs Commission in June 1981 – Hua effectively removed from all his offices. Deng himself became Chairman of CCP’s Military Affairs Commission in June 1981 – Hua effectively removed from all his offices.

8. DENG’S REHABILITATION However, Deng was not in complete position of authority – collective leadership ensured balance between Deng and his allies, and more conservative elements However, Deng was not in complete position of authority – collective leadership ensured balance between Deng and his allies, and more conservative elements Conservatives included Chen Yun (committed to central planning); and Hu Qiaomu (deplored liberalisation) Conservatives included Chen Yun (committed to central planning); and Hu Qiaomu (deplored liberalisation) Deng needed to argue his case for new policies step by step Deng needed to argue his case for new policies step by step

9. DENG’S REHABILITATION Gang of Four went on trial winter 1980-81 Gang of Four went on trial winter 1980-81 Trial intended to discredit their left-wing policies and show China’s return to law Trial intended to discredit their left-wing policies and show China’s return to law Prison sentences and suspended death sentences given Prison sentences and suspended death sentences given Jiang Qing committed suicide 1991 Jiang Qing committed suicide 1991 Rehabilitation of those purged in the Cultural Revolution, and in the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, showed the CCP’s new path Rehabilitation of those purged in the Cultural Revolution, and in the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, showed the CCP’s new path

10. DENG’S REFORMS

11. Economic Measures Agriculture – communes replaced by peasant contract – the ‘household responsibility system’. Agriculture – communes replaced by peasant contract – the ‘household responsibility system’. State industry reformed State industry reformed Special Economic Zones established Special Economic Zones established

12. Household Responsibility Land was returned to the peasantry Land was returned to the peasantry Contracts made with individual households Contracts made with individual households Taxes to be paid, and an agreed amount of grain sold to the state Taxes to be paid, and an agreed amount of grain sold to the state Beyond this, households could keep what they earned Beyond this, households could keep what they earned Successful peasant farmers became quite prosperous Successful peasant farmers became quite prosperous Agricultural production increased spectacularly Agricultural production increased spectacularly

13. State Industry Similar to process in countryside Similar to process in countryside In state owned factories (State Owned Enterprises), responsibility was devolved to factory manager – profit motive designed to provide incentive In state owned factories (State Owned Enterprises), responsibility was devolved to factory manager – profit motive designed to provide incentive Small scale private enterprise was encouraged Small scale private enterprise was encouraged

14. Special Economic Zones Essentially capitalist enclaves within socialist China Essentially capitalist enclaves within socialist China Deng wanted to bring Western knowledge and capital back to China Deng wanted to bring Western knowledge and capital back to China The designated SEZs were areas where western know-how and capitalist enterprise could develop The designated SEZs were areas where western know-how and capitalist enterprise could develop One of them was Shenzhen, just across the frontier of Hong Kong One of them was Shenzhen, just across the frontier of Hong Kong

15. Problems of Reform Free-enterprise agriculture focused production on profit crops, to the neglect of grain Free-enterprise agriculture focused production on profit crops, to the neglect of grain China’s growing population created greater pressure on need for grain China’s growing population created greater pressure on need for grain Significant growth in urban population – result of better productivity (and thus fewer labourers required) on the land Significant growth in urban population – result of better productivity (and thus fewer labourers required) on the land Under-employment and unemployment, and housing shortages Under-employment and unemployment, and housing shortages

16. Problems of Reform - 2 The mixed state and free market encouraged corruption – favouritism and bribery. The mixed state and free market encouraged corruption – favouritism and bribery. Price rises unsettled population Price rises unsettled population Uneven economic development Uneven economic development As planning functions of bureaucracy shrink, China becomes burdened with over-large state As planning functions of bureaucracy shrink, China becomes burdened with over-large state Educational reform created a larger professional class and more idealistic students Educational reform created a larger professional class and more idealistic students

17. The Deng Contradiction Deng wanted China to grow economically Deng wanted China to grow economically To this end, his reforms were effective To this end, his reforms were effective Part of this process was the encouragement of more independent thinking, and a reward for enterprise Part of this process was the encouragement of more independent thinking, and a reward for enterprise Inevitably, demands for political reform grew alongside these changes Inevitably, demands for political reform grew alongside these changes But Deng had no intention of lessening communist hold on political power But Deng had no intention of lessening communist hold on political power Reform generated greater expectations which Deng was not going to fulfill Reform generated greater expectations which Deng was not going to fulfill

18. The Road to Tiananmen Square More economic choice and freedom encouraged demands for political freedoms More economic choice and freedom encouraged demands for political freedoms Deng could not stop halfway on road to economic reform Deng could not stop halfway on road to economic reform He lined with conservatives in belief that liberty of expression should be curtailed He lined with conservatives in belief that liberty of expression should be curtailed Power struggle in Party – Hu Yaobang, and then Zhao Ziyang, supported greater tolerance Power struggle in Party – Hu Yaobang, and then Zhao Ziyang, supported greater tolerance

19. The Road to Tiananmen Square - 2 Li Peng represented hardliners Li Peng represented hardliners Effects of Glasnost in Russia Effects of Glasnost in Russia Increasing awareness of injustices in Chinese society generated by economic reforms Increasing awareness of injustices in Chinese society generated by economic reforms Gorbachev visit to Beijing in May 1989 coincided with student demonstrations in Tiananmen Square Gorbachev visit to Beijing in May 1989 coincided with student demonstrations in Tiananmen Square Deng sided with hardliner Li Peng and ordered troops in Deng sided with hardliner Li Peng and ordered troops in Massacre ensued – the clear limits to China’s reforms were made brutally clear Massacre ensued – the clear limits to China’s reforms were made brutally clear

20. To what extent did political and economic policy change after the death of Chairman Mao (up to c.1990)? ‘Political’ can include social policy here. Issues to consider: Significance of Deng Xiaoping and his success in the post-Mao power struggle Significance of Deng Xiaoping and his success in the post-Mao power struggle Four modernisations and limited liberalisation Four modernisations and limited liberalisation Special Economic Zones Special Economic Zones Social policy – one-child family Social policy – one-child family

21. To what extent did political and economic policy change after the death of Chairman Mao (up to c.1990)? Specifically political reforms limited or opposed: ‘Fifth Modernisation’ and ‘Democracy Wall’ ‘Fifth Modernisation’ and ‘Democracy Wall’ Power struggle between reformers and conservatives Power struggle between reformers and conservatives Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square Key role of Deng Key role of Deng

22. To what extent did political and economic policy change after the death of Chairman Mao (up to c.1990)? Conclusion may be that while economic and social policy saw reforms – especially economic – political reform was kept tightly under wraps as the CCP maintained its firm political control. Deng Xiaoping retained his colours as a pragmatist committed to communist domination.