3. How to show what you know Solve problems or answer questions related to: - Fourier’s Law of heat conduction - Lithostatic pressure gradients - Isostasy - Coulomb equation - Hillslope diffusion, soil flux - Landsliding Using words and/or diagrams describe the following: - Lithosphere, asthenosphere, continental and oceanic crust, mantle - Force vs. stress - Normal stress vs. shear stress - Chemical weathering reactions - Detachment vs. transport limited - Effective normal stress and fluid pressure - Cohesion vs. internal angle of friction By midterm, you should also see: - Groundwater flow, Darcy’s law, controls on water table surface - Hydrographs, fluvial processes and resulting landforms, fluvial seds and critical shear stress - Glacier ice flow, mass balance, profile of a glacier, glacial erosion and landscapes - Geologic cross sections - Geologic maps - Rule of V’s

4. (1) Lithosphere, asthenosphere, continental and oceanic crust: Draw a schematic cross section of the upper few hundred meters of the earth showing the relative position and thickness of the - continental and ocean crust - mantle - lithosphere and asthenosphere Label the important boundaries on the diagram and explain what they represent.

5. (2) Fourier’s Law of heat conduction Fourier’s Law of heat conduction describes the relationship between the heat flow and temperature gradient in a material: Q= - K dT/dz or Q= - K DT/Dz Q is heat flow, K is thermal conductivity (watts/ m/ degrees Kelvin, or W m -1 K -1 ), T is temperature, z is the length coordinate. (i) What are the units of Q? (ii) If K has a value of 2 W m -1 K -1 and we measure a temperature of 5 degrees at the surface of the Earth and a temperature of 25 degrees at the bottom of a mineshaft 1, which is 1 km deep, what is the expression for heat flow at the surface?

6. (2) Fourier’s Law of heat conduction (iii) If identical temperature measurements were made in a second mineshaft located 5 km away from the first (5 degrees at the surface of the Earth, 25 degrees at the bottom, 1 km down), what is the horizontal heat flow between points A and B? A and B are located at the same depth beneath the surface. (Hint: Draw the temperature information given in the problem on the diagram) (iv) Is heat flow the same from A to C as it is from A to B? Why or why not? Mineshaft 1Mineshaft 2 A B C

7. (3) Lithostatic pressure gradients The lithostatic pressure due to overburden is given by the following expression: P lithostatic = r g z Where r is the density of overlying rock, g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m s -2 ), and z is the thickness of the overlying rock. Unit A has a density of 2700 kg m -3 and thickness of 10 km. The rocks in unit B have a density of 3300 kg m -3, and unit B is 8 km thick. What is the lithostatic pressure exerted on the gray plane?

8. (ii) Give a possible lithologic description of A