1. Updated September 2011 Lemon Batteries Experiment

2. Updated September 2011 How can something as small as a lemon have enough power to do anything?

3. Updated September 2011 The same question can be asked of nano scale batteries. However, nano batteries are showing efficiencies up to 10 times more than any current battery. The idea is that if one nano sized battery does not make enough power, trillions of nano batteries in arrays and in series will. (Credit: A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland) After all, a battery is merely made of two metals and an electrolyte

4. Updated September 2011 Several nano materials and techniques are being used in nano battery research. cc by TED-43 Multi wall carbon nanotube Plasma Spray- Physical Vapor Deposition Image by Marvin G. Smith Battery assembled by viruses Photo by Donna Coveney Silicon nanowires Image: NY Times Buckyball Cc by Soroush83

5. Updated September 2011 What current technologies could we power with nano batteries? What future devices could be powered by nano batteries? Artificial retina Vehicles Portable Electronics Medical Equipment Water Treatment Nano Robots Cc by Mistman123 cc by StefanXP cc by David Hu and John Bush cc by GlobalFunky Cc by Ignacio Icke

6. Updated September 2011 This module is one of a series designed to introduce faculty and high school students to the basic concepts of nanotechnology. Each module includes a PowerPoint presentation, discussion questions, and hands-on activities, when applicable. The series was funded in part by: The National Science Foundation Grant DUE-0702976 and the Oklahoma Nanotechnology Education Initiative Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Oklahoma Nanotechnology Education Initiative.

7. Updated September 2011 Image Credits Coveney, Donna (Photographer). Angela Belcher holds a display of the virus-built battery she helped engineer. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/virus-battery-0402.html GlobalFunky. (Photographer). Water Purifier. [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) Hu, David and Bush, John. (Photographers). Robostrider Faceoff. [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) Icke, Ignacio. (Illustrator). Eye Diagram. [Illustration]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) Mistman123. (Photographer). PSP45. [Photograph]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) Nano Scale Batteries. A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland) Smith, Marvin G. (Photographer). Plasma Spray-Physical Vapor Deposition. [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1909.html Soroush83. (Illustrator). Buckyball. [Illustration]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) StefanXP. (Illustrator). AED Symbol. [Digital Image]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org) TED-43. (Illustrator). Multi-nanotube. [Illustration]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

8. Updated September 2011 References Nanotech Battery to Power Artificial Retina. Nanotech Buzz. Retrieved from http://www.nanotechbuzz.com/50226711/nanotech_biobattery_to_power_artificial_retina.php Rice University (2009, February 18). Nanotechnology: Lithium-Ion Batteries Have Better Performance With New Electrode Material. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 3, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2009/02/090209122554.htm University of Maryland, College Park (2009, March 22). Nanotech Batteries For A New Energy Future. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 3, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com­/releases/2009/03/090320173859.htm http://www.nanotechbuzz.com/50226711/nanotech_biobattery_to_power_artificial_retina.php