1. Systems Biology The search for the syntax of biological information, that is, the study of the dynamic networks of interacting biological elements. The aim is to obtain, integrate and analyze complex data from multiple experimental sources using interdisciplinary tools. Some typical technology platforms are: Transcriptomics: whole cell or tissue gene expression measurements.Transcriptomics Proteomics: complete identification of proteins and protein expression patterns of a cell or tissueProteomics Metabolomics : identification and measurement of all small-molecules metabolites within a cell or tissueMetabolomics Glycomics: identification of the entirety of all carbohydrates in a cell or tissue.Glycomics Interactomics: encompasses interactions between all molecules within a cellInteractomics Fluxomics: which deals with the dynamic changes of molecules within a cell over timeFluxomics

2. Illustrative example of the interaction and contrast between a traditional approach and a Systems Biology approach Systems Biology is characterized by : Integration of the levels of biological organization and complexity addressed and Interaction between experimentation and predictive modeling

3. Integrated Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of a Systematically Perturbed Metabolic Network Trey Ideker, Vesteinn Thorsson, Jeffrey A. Ranish, Rowan Christmas, Jeremy Buhler, Jimmy K. Eng, Roger Bumgarner, David R. Goodlett, Ruedi Aebersold, Leroy Hood

4. The Integrated Approach Microarrays Two Hybrid System Global Quantification and Measurement Of Protein Integration and Assimilation Into BIOLOGICAL MODELS DATA

5. The Strategy A) Define all of the genes in the genome and the subset of genes, proteins, and other small molecules constituting the pathway of interest. B) Perturb each pathway component through a series of genetic or environmental manipulations If possible, define an initial model of the molecular interactions governing pathway function. C) Integrate the observed mRNA and protein responses with the current, pathway- specific model and with the global network of protein- protein, protein-DNA, and other known physical interactions. D) Formulate new hypotheses to explain observations not predicted by the model. Design additional perturbation experiments Detect and quantify the corresponding global cellular response

6. A) Define all of the genes in the genome and the subset of genes, proteins, and other small molecules constituting the pathway of interest.

7. A) BASICS of Galactose Utilization(GAL) pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Controlled by an operon-like system. It converts Galactose to Glocose-6-phosphate. It produces the enzymes essential for galactose breakdown to glucose. In the absence of galactose ENZYMES ARE NOT PRODUCED. In the presence of galactose STRUCTURAL GENES(GAL 1, GAL 7, GAL 10) ARE ACTIVATED. The above enzymes are regulated by Gal 4 and Gal 80 regulatory genes.

8. REGULATION of Galactose Utilization GAL) pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Galactose Gal3p Gal 80p Gal 4p GAL7 GAL3 GAL10 GAL1 GAL80 GAL2 GALACTOSE INDUCTION LOOP

9. B) Perturb each pathway component through a series of genetic or environmental manipulations

10. B) Application of 20 perturbations to the GAL pathway Wild type and nine genetically altered strains were examined. These were:  Transport(gal∆2)  Enzymatic(gal∆1, gal∆5, gal∆7, gal∆10)  Regulatory(gal∆3, gal∆4, gal∆6, gal∆80) The strains were perturbed environmentally by growth in presence (+gal) or absence(-gal) of galactose. Global changes in mRNA of 6200 nuclear yeast genes were seen. Identified 997 genes whose mRNA level significantly differed from control. These were then divided into 16 clusters in which each cluster represented genes with similar expression responses over all perturbations.

11. RESULTS PERTURBATION MATRIX

12. Comparison of Northern vs. microarray analysis Medium-gray representing no change, darker or lighter shades representing increasing or decreasing amounts of expression respectively,

13. Are the observed changes in mRNA expression also reflected at the level of protein abundance? Wt+gal Protein extracts Wt-gal Protein extracts Labeled with isotopically heavy and normal ICAT reagents Combined and digested with trypsin Fractionated by Multidimensional chromatography Analyzed by MS/MS RESULTS:  As a whole, protein-abundance ratios were moderately correlated with their mRNA counterparts.  30 proteins showed clear changes in abundance between wt+gal and wt- gal conditions.  mRNA of 15 did not change significantly in response to perturbation.  Many ribosomal-protein genes increased three-to five fold in mRNA but not in protein abundance.

15. C) Integrate the observed mRNA and protein responses with the current, pathway-specific model and with the global network of protein-protein, protein-DNA, and other known physical interactions.

16. C) Can we attribute the observed mRNA and protein changes to underlying regulatory interactions in the cell? They assembled a catalogue of previously observed physical interaction in yeast by COMBINING: a)2709 protein-protein interactions b)317 protein-DNA interactions Out of the total genes above they observed 348 genes that were affected in mRNA or protein expression by at least one perturbation and also involved in two or more interactions with the affected genes….

17. 348 Genes along with their 362 associated interactions as a PHYSICAL INTERACTION NETWORK

18. POSSIBILITIES A protein DNA interaction may be responsible for directly transmitting an expression change from a transcription factor to a highly co-related target gene. e.g. Mcm1 Far1and Mig1 Fbp1 Two genes may be under control of a common transcription factor which is the 3 rd gene. C (A,B) e.g. GAL enzymes regulated by Gnc4 Class of gluconeogenic genes controlled by Sip4 (Fbp1, Pck1, Ic11) Scanning of network for indirect effects, such as a change in one gene transmitted to the other through a protein-protein interaction with a signaling protein. e.g. Gcr2-Gcr1 Tpi1 Gal4p directly regulates genes in several processes of other networks through novel protein DNA interaction. e.g. Cluster 1,2,3 contained genes with Gal4 binding sites The above genes were involved in glycogen accumulation, protein metabolism and others with unknown function

19. Tree comparing gene-expression changes resulting from different perturbations to the GAL pathway.

20. D) How do the observed responses Of GAL genes compare to their predicted behavior? In general the results were same as predicted.

21. D) Formulate new hypotheses to explain observations not predicted by the model.

22. New Observations, Hypotheses, and possible tests OBSERVATIONS EXAMPLE HYPOTHESES SYSTEMS-LEVEL TESTS 1)Decrease in GAL-gene expression in response to gal7D+gal or gal10D+gal Dependent on levels of Gal-1-P or a derivative metabolite Examine EP of a gal1Dgal10D+gal double deletion strain, in which Gal-1- P levels are reduced 2) Effect of gal80D-gal: slow growth and widespread changes in metabolic-gene expression Stress-related, caused by de-repression of either the GAL enzymes or transporter Examine EP of a gal4Dgal80D- gal double deletion, in which the GAL enzymes and transporter are not expressed 3)GAL5 and GAL6 mRNA levels are unaffected by galactose addition or by deletion of GAL3, 4, or 80 Caused by differences in strains and/or media between this and previous studies Obtain EPs for identical strains and media as in previous studies

23. Contd…. OBSERVATIONS EXAMPLE HYPOTHESES SYSTEMS-LEVEL TESTS 5) Expression levels of genes in many other metabolic pathways respond to perturbations of the GAL pathway Each affected pathway depends on galactose, specific GAL genes, or on the total amount of available energy Examine EPs of yeast growing in carbon sources other than galactose, e.g. 2% glucose 6)In wt+gal vs. wt-gal, approx. 15 genes change in protein but not mRNA abundance. These genes are regulated at the level of protein translation or degradation Compare global translation state of proteins between + vs. - gal, using method of [Q. Zong et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 96, 10632-6. (1999)] 7)Nine genes w/ predicted Gal4p-binding sites have EPs that are similar to those of known GAL genes Gal4p regulates transcription of these genes via protein- DNA interactions Verify predicted interactions by global chromatin immuno- precipitation experiments [B. Ren et al., Science 290, 2306-9. (2000)]

24. Tree comparing gene-expression changes resulting from different perturbations to the GAL pathway.

25. Refinements in the GAL Pathway Model of galactose utilization. Yeast metabolize galactose through a series of steps involving the GAL2 transporter and enzymes produced by GAL1, GAL7, GAL10, and GAL5. These genes are transcriptionally regulated by a mechanism consisting primarily of GAL4, GAL80, and GAL3. GAL6 produces another regulatory factor thought to repress the GAL enzymes in a manner similar to GAL80. Dotted interactions denote model refinements supported by this study.

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