1. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 8: Nervous System

2. Cerebellum Slide 7.43a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces  Provides involuntary coordination of body movements

3. Cerebellum Slide 7.43b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a

4. Protection of the Central Nervous System Slide 7.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Scalp and skin  Skull and vertebral column Figure 7.16a

5. Protection of the Central Nervous System Slide 7.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Meninges:  Dura mater  Arachnoid  Pia Mater Figure 7.16a

6. Protection of the Central Nervous System Slide 7.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebrospinal fluid: subarachnoid space  Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a

7. Meninges Slide 7.45a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Dura mater  Double-layered external covering  Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull  Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain  Folds inward to support hemispheres

8. Meninges Slide 7.45b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Arachnoid layer  Middle layer  Web-like  Pia mater  Internal layer  Clings to the surface of the brain

9. Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Similar to blood plasma  Formed by the choroid plexus  Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain  Circulated in subarachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

10. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a

11. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b

12. Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The least permeable capillaries of the body + astrocyte processes  Excludes many potentially harmful substances  Useless against some substances  Fat soluble substances  Anesthetics

13. Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  “Good news”: keeps out most harmful substances  Alcohol, viruses, some drugs  “Bad news”: keeps out most helpful substances  Antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs

14. Traumatic Brain Injuries Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concussion  Slight brain injury  Usually no permanent damage  Contusion  Nervous tissue destruction occurs  Nervous tissue does not regenerate  Cerebral edema  May compress and kill brain tissue

15. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Slide 7.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Commonly called a stroke  The result of a ruptured blood vessel  Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies  Loss of some functions or death may result

16. Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progressive degenerative brain disease  Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age  Structural changes in the brain due to abnormal proteins  Symptoms: memory loss, irritability, confusion, ultimately hallucinations and death

17. Spinal Cord Slide 7.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Extends from the medulla oblongata to L-1  Below is the cauda equina  Enlargements in the cervical and lumbar regions Figure 7.18

18. Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide 7.53a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  White mater – conduction tracts  Superficially located Figure 7.19

19. Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide 7.53b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gray matter - mostly cell bodies, deep  Dorsal (posterior) gray horns  Ventral (anterior) gray horns Figure 7.19

20. Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide 7.53c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Central canal: holds cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.19

21. Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide 7.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Meninges: same as brain  Spinal Nerves attached to each spinal segment  Dorsal root: sensory  Associated with the dorsal root ganglia  Ventral root: motor

22. Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  All structures outside CNS  Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers (usually axons)  Neuron fibers: bundled by connective tissue (like muscles)

23. Structure of a Nerve Slide 7.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoneurium surrounds each fiber  Groups of fibers are fascicles  Coverd by perineurium  Fascicles bound by epineurium Figure 7.20

24. Nerves (PNS) vs. Tracts (CNS) Slide 7.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Tract: a bundle of neuron fibers inside the CNS  Usually axons  Wrapped by CT  Continuation of “nerve” from PNS  Long tracts in spinal cord  Short tracts in brain

25. Classification of Peripheral Nerves Slide 7.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers  Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS  Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS

26. Cranial Nerves Slide 7.58 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Arise from brain  12 pairs of nerves  Numbered in order, anterior to posterior  Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only

27. Cranial Nerves Slide 7.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  I Olfactory nerve – sensory for smell  II Optic nerve – sensory for vision  III Oculomotor nerve – motor fibers to eye muscles  IV Trochlear – motor fiber to eye muscles

28. Cranial Nerves Slide 7.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  V Trigeminal nerve – sensory for the face; motor fibers to chewing muscles  VI Abducens nerve – motor fibers to eye muscles  VII Facial nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face  VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve – sensory for balance and hearing

29. Cranial Nerves Slide 7.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx  X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera  XI Accessory nerve – motor fibers to neck and upper back  XII Hypoglossal nerve – motor fibers to tongue