1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: Directional Terms, Planes, Sections, and Body Cavities Nestor T. Hilvano, M.D., M.P.H.

2. Learning Objectives You should be able to: 1. Define anatomy and physiology, and describe its subdivisions. 2. Lists the levels of organization of the human structure. 3. Identify the organ systems of the body and major components, and describe a major function of each system. 4. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. 5. Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic control. 6. Describe the anatomical position, relative directional terms, regions, planes, and sections of the body. 7. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions. 8. Discuss the techniques used in doing physical examination.

3. Introduction ______ “cutting up”, is the study of structures. I. Gross anatomy - large, visible structures II. Microscopic anatomy - minute structures seen by use of instrument _____ - is the study of cells. _____ - is the study of tissues _____ is the study of functions. a. histology b. physiology c. anatomy d. cytology

4. Levels of Human Organization Molecule (Chemical) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism ___ What is the simplest form of life? ___ What is the smallest chemical unit a. tissue b. molecule c. organ d. cell e. atom

5. Organ Systems and it’s Functions ___ Integumentary system ___ Skeletal system ___ Muscular system ___ Nervous system ___ Endocrine system a) Long term changes in metabolic activities b) Coordinate sensation and motor control, immediate response to stimuli c) Movement, control of body opening, generate heat d) Support, protect enclosed organ, stores calcium, forms blood cells e) Protection against environmental hazards and thermoregulation

6. Organ Systems and it’s Functions ___ Cardiovascular system ___ Lymphoid system ___ Respiratory system ___ Digestive system ___ Urinary system ___ Reproductive system a) Produce sex cells (sperms and oocytes) and hormones b) Distribute blood cells and dissolved materials c) Excrete waste products from the blood, urine elimination d) Absorb nutrients and breakdown dietary products e) Defend against infection and disease f) Delivers air to alveoli and provides oxygen to bloodstream

7. Homeostasis What is homeostasis? ___________________ 2 mechanisms involved: a) Autoregulation - intrinsic regulation, immediate and automatic response to environmental change. ex. if blood flow falls, arterial resistance falls as the vessels dilate, which increases blood flow to supply the organ (myogenic and endothelial mechanisms). b) Extrinsic regulation – nervous or endocrine systems activation, mostly controlled via negative feedback. ex. if blood calcium is high, calcitonin (hormone) is released to decrease it within normal level.

8. Positive Feedback Negative feedback- Negates the stimulus; beneficial to maintain health Positive feedback- Enhances the change; Beneficial effects (ex. blood clotting); Harmful effects (ex. Fever) Exercises: State the type of feedback mechanism involved: 1. ___ hormonal regulation to lower blood sugar within normal level. 2. ___ increasing uterine contraction for child’s birth. a. positive feedback b. negative feedback

9. Anatomical Position Describe the anatomical position. body posture is _____ hands are at the ____ palms facing _______ feet are ___________ a. sides b. anterior c. together d. erect

10. Directional Terms Anterior (ventral)- front Posterior (dorsal)- back Superior (cranial)- head/above Inferior (caudal)- tail/below Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis Proximal- toward an attached base Distal- away from an attached base Superficial- close to body surface Deep- farther from body surface Exercises: The breast is on the ___ surface of the trunk. (anterior; posterior) The abdomen is ___ to the thighs. (cranial; caudal) The nose is ___ to the ears. (lateral; medial) The fingers are ___ to the wrist. (proximal; distal) The skin is ___ to the skeletal muscles. (superficial; deep)

11. Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions 4 Quadrants: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ 9 Regions: R hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac, R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar, R inguinal, hypogastric, L inguinal Significance of body’s quadrants and regions- clinical localization of diseases organs Exercises: Pain at the right upper quadrant can be caused by infection of ___. Hypogastric region contains what organ? ___. Pain localized at the right inguinal region can be due to inflammation of ___. a. urinary bladder b. liver and gallbladder c. appendix d. spleen

12. Body Planes and Sections a. sagittal b. frontal (coronal) c. transverse (horizontal) Exercise: What planes (sections) 1. separates right and left portions of the body? ___ 2. separates anterior and posterior portions of the body? ___ 3. separates superior and inferior portions of the body? ___

13. Body Cavities Closed, lined with serosal membranes that secrete serous fluid; 2 main cavities I. Ventral (anterior) body cavity a) Thoracic cavity = pleural cavity and pericardial cavity b) Abdominopelvic cavity = abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity II. Dorsal (posterior) body cavity a) cranial cavity b) vertebral (spinal) cavity Exercises: Name specific body cavity where the following organs are found? 1. spinal cord 2. urinary bladder 3. heart 4. brain 5. stomach 6. lungs

14. Physical Examination Inspection – Observe surface structures/body regions Palpation – feeling structures using the fingers/hands Percussion – tapping structures using fingers/hands Auscultation – hearing sounds using stetoscope

15. Homework (Self-Review) 1. Define terms: anatomy, physiology, cytology, histology, cell, tissue, organ system, palpation, percussion, auscultation, proximal, distal, deep, superficial, lateral, coronal, sagittal, transverse, ventral, dorsal, medial 2. Discuss the negative feedback and positive mechanisms by citing an example. 3. Describe the anatomic position. 4. Identify body cavities and their subdivisions and give its contents.