1. Structures of the Brain

2. Welcome To Your Brain!
Your brain is the central site of processing in the entire body
It is responsible for the majority of thoughts and actions that happen in your body
What makes you act and think like you, is the neurons in your brain

3. Welcome To Your Brain!
A typical brain is around 3lbs and contains around 97% of the bodies neural tissue
Male brains are typically around 10% larger
However that has no link between brain size and intelligence
Brains can vary greatly in size from 750ml to 2100ml with a normalized average of 1200ml

4. Welcome To Your Brain!
Your brain has a unique ability to structure its neurons to be able to interpret and understand the world around us
The structure of the neurons dictates what our brains do
At the same time, the structure of our neurons can often mislead us…
h?v=sxwn1w7MJvk
h?v=rN7AN0GnwqI
h?v=tjFxMKEkGjE&index=21&list =PLCv6T8QWRwjkkK_fbUcV8V6 Qb2L4xpJSU

5. Video The only way to experience the brain is through seeing one
This is a surgery of a bleed that is disrupting brain function sent by a student
WARNING… it is surgery
WARNING… it is bloody
WARNING… You will see the bleed where the blood is coming from
However, it is really cool!
v=Ji7fohBEPnM&app=desktop

6. Parts of the Brain The brain is split into seven major sections
These sections include
The cerebellum
The medulla oblongata
The pons
The midbrain
The diencephalon
The cerebrum
The Hippocampus

7. Parts of the Brain
The cerebrum is considered the “adult brain” and it is located outside all of the other brain materials
It is covered by layers of scrunched cerebral cortex
Cortex is latin for bark
The cerebrum is responsible for higher mental functions like thoughst, intellect, memory and complex movements

8. Parts of the Brain
The cerebrum is also divided into two different hemispheres
The right side of the cerebrum is separate from the left side of the cerebrum
The two sides of the brain are called hemispheres
They communicate in an area called the corpus callosum

9. Parts of the Brain
The cerebellum is partially hidden by the cerebral hemispheres and is located in the dorsal part of the brain
It has a variety of jobs inside of the motor system
However, the most important is how it coordinates complex motor functions based on previous motor functions
This helps you learn and repeat major functions

10. Parts of the Brain
The spinal cord connects to the brain at the medulla oblongata
The inferior portion of the medulla oblongata resembles the spinal cord
This is the lowest part of the brain stem
The medulla oblongata has two main functions
It relays spinal information to the rest of the brain
It is responsible for autonomic function such as heartbeat, blood pressure and digestion
*Alligators are not ornery because of their medulla oblongata -

11. Parts of the Brain
The pons connects the cerebellum to the inferior parts of the brain stem
The pons helps divert certain sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus
The pons give you subconcous control over visceral and somatic motor centers

12. Parts of the Brain
The midbrain (mesencephalon) is superior to the pons
It serves many purposes
It is a sight for processing some visual and auditory information
It is responsible for most cranial reflex procession
It is also important for maintaining consciousness

13. Parts of the Brain
The diencephalon contains both the thalamus and the hypothalamus
The thalamus is an important site for both incoming and outgoing processing of sensory information
The hypothalamus is rooted in hormone production, emotion and autonomic functions
The hypothalamus connects the pituitary gland
This is where the nervous system and endocrine system link

14. Parts of the Brain
The hippocampus is a very small section of the brain, however it is a vital section in humans
The hippocampus is located within the brainstem and is associated with memory, learning and special recognition
Patients who suffer from Alzheimer's disease suffer from damage to the hippocampus

15. Development of the Brain
To fully understand the internal organization of the adult brain we must consider its origins
The nervous system begins as a hollow tube known as the neural tube
The tube has a fluid filled internal cavity called the neurocoel

16. Development of the Brain
During early development the neurocoel enlarges in three distinct areas
These sections of the brain form around 3 weeks of age
These create the primary brain vesicles
Each is named for the position that it takes relative to the others

17. Development of the Brain
The prosencephalon is the most forward of the three
Also called the forebrain
Proso means forward
Enkephalos means brain
The mesencephalon is the middle segment
Also called the midbrain
The rhombencephalon is the is the most inferior (location) of the three
Also known as the hindbrain

18. Further Developments
In later stages of development the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon are subdivided further
The new divisions are called secondary brain vesicles
Each divides into two distinct sections
This gives the brain five distinct divisions at 6 weeks

19. Further Developments
The prosencephalon forms the telencephalon (anterior) and the diencephalon (posterior)
The telencephalon ultimately forms the cerebrum of the adult brain
The diencephalon (as we already know) contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

20. Further Developments
The rhombencephalon adjacent to the mesencephalon forms the metencephalon
The dorsal portion of the metencephalon will become the cerebellum and the ventral portion will develop into the pons
The portion of the rhombencephalon closer to the spinal cord forms the myelencephalon
This will become the medulla oblangata

21. Diagram

22. Ventricles of the Brain
Neurocoel eventually expands in the growing and developing brain
The neurocoel eventually expands to form enlarged chambers within the brain
These chambers are called ventricles

23. Ventricles of the Brain
There are four major ventricles that are located within the brain
Each hemisphere contains a large lateral ventricle
This is formed by the telencephalon through development

24. Ventricles of the Brain
The next ventricle that is seen is the third ventricle
Remember that there are two lateral ventricles!
The third ventricle is located within the central region of the brain
It is formed by the diencephalon

25. Ventricles of the Brain
The two lateral ventricles and the third ventricle communicate through the interventricular foramen
This is a small set of tubing that links the two lateral ventricles with the central third ventricle

26. Ventricles of the Brain
The fourth ventricle contains sections of the pons, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
It also narrows and becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
This is formed by the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
The fourth ventricle connects to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct

27. Video https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=Zm-TsqsgCHc
Obviously med school students (or similar) for a project…

28. Cranial Meninges
The layers that make up the cranial meninges are similar to the ones that make up the spinal meninges
However there are some differences on how they are structured
This is because of the level of protection and care that the body uses with the brain

29. Cranial Meninges
The cranial dura mater consists of out and inner fibrous layers
The outer layer (superior dura mater) is fused to the cranial bones giving it an anchor point
The inner layer (inferior dura mater) is separated from the outer layer by a small gap that contains fluids and blood vessels
The gap is called the dural sinus

30. Cranial Meninges
The cranial arachnoid mater consists of the arachnoid membrane and the cells that cross the sub arachnoid space
These cells are called arachnoid trabeculae
This creates a smooth layer around the brain that does not follow all of the ridges of the cranial cortex

31. Cranial Meninges The pia mater sticks to the surface of the brain
It anchors itself to the intricate folding patterns of the brain
It also travels with branches of the cerebral blood vessels that penetrate the surface of the cerebral cortex
This allows it to keep blood from the brain

32. Video Things can go wrong…
h?v=zCCD52Pty4A
Then they can go really wrong…
deo/x17ha6y_monsters-inside- me-s03e03-my-face-eating- parasite_lifestyle
Start at 30:48