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European Expansion and the Columbian Exchange Colonization of the New and Old Worlds, 1500 - 1763
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I. Reasons for Expansion A. Advances in science 1. Tools/technology 2. Science enthroned Academie de Science Royal Scientific Society Prince Henry
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3. Journeys into the unknown
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B. Expansion and European Conflict 1. Reformation and the Wars of Christianity, 1535-1648 1648, Europe after the Peace of Westphalia
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2. Centralization of European governments a. Absolute monarchy, 1500s - 1700s James I, Divine Right of Kings (England) Louis XIV, the “Sun King” (France) Elizabeth I (England) Philip II (Spain) Peter the Great (Russia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Frederick the Great (Prussia) Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)
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3. Mercantilism state-controlled market system “zero-sum” game joint stock companies
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II. The West Goes Global The Consequences of Colonization
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A. Colonization 1. Portuguese Empire and the rise of the Atlantic economy 1452, Pope Nicolas V “heathens and infidels”
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2. “New World” slavery
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3. Europeans in Asia (peripheral colonization)
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B. The Columbian Exchange 1. Ecological Imperialism old world plants/animals flourish in colonial regions diminishes ecological/social stability of “native” peoples, enhances colonial power
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2. The microbial exchange smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera 1492 = 100M - 70M in N/S Hemispheres 1900 = 250,000 left in North America
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3. Impact on the West - outlets for growing population - new sources of food (carbohydrates) - addictions for a modernizing society tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar
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C. Debating colonization Pro 1. Richard Hakluyt 2. Jean Baptiste Colbert - spurred domestic growth - strengthened national position - empowered “absolute” monarchs
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Con 1. Jose de Acosta (1590s) = Jesuit critique of slavery, Spanish and Portuguese colonization 2. Comte de Buffon (1750s - 60s) = “wilderness” debased, humanity, animals Frontier conditions drove civilization backwards “Heart of Darkness”
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Spain and France in the New World
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I. The Spanish Empire A. Reconquista 1492 Ferdinand/Isabella & Columbus
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B. Reconquista in America 1. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
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2. 1511 - Caribbean Islands conquered Conquistadors - local autonomy 3. 1519 - Hernan Cortès
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4. Conquest of Mexico disease Aztec organization Amerindian tensions
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C. Spanish-Indian policy 1. Officially… (Isabella) direct subjects Encomienda System tributary labor
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2. Unofficially… distance bred independence, cruelty “Black Legend” of Spanish brutality Bartolomè de Las Casas
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D. Trials in North America 1. Ponce de León, (Florida) 1513-1521 Cabeza de Vaca (Gulf Coast to Mexico) 1527 de Soto (Southeast to Texas) 1539-1543 Coronado (Southwest) 1540-42 little permanent presence; paved way for later conquest
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E. New Spain 1. 1542 - encomienda abolished African slaves introduced 2. Hacienda system 3. 1524 - Council of the Indies Viceroy >Creoles >Mestizos
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4. Mestizo culture a. Church/Indian compromise Jesuits rituals deities b. intermarriage racial caste system c. intermarriage interdependence
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3. 1680 - 1692 - The Pueblo Revolt hacienda dependency “idolatry”
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II. The French Empire - occupying the “Middle Ground”
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A. Fish, fur and lead 1. Jacques Cartier (1534) Northwest Passage 2. Indian resistance / French politics
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B. France tries again 1. Early 1600s “New France” 2. Louis XIV “absolutism”
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3. Louisiana, 1682 Biloxi, 1682 Mobile, 1702 New Orleans, 1718 4. Interior colonies Ste. Genevieve, 1735 St. Louis, 1764 “extractive” industries colonial women 4. River systems and
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C. Empire of Rivers 1. Infiltration & cooperation coureurs de bois 2. The Middle Ground 3. Roots of dependency
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C. “New” England 1. English rights v. economic necessity a. rejection of non-English influences b. indentured servitude
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2. The Puritan Mission = redeem the Old, not the New
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3. The paradox of English settlement - Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 heightened liberties for some, destroyed them for others
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