1. Kingdom Protista

2. General Information 1.Diverse group (not a plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium) 2.All eukaryotes 3.Most are unicellular 4.Can be photoautotrophic or heterotrophic 5.If motile, usually use flagella (but sometimes only in part of the life cycle like reproductive cells) 6.3 major groups

3. What are Plankton? Unicellular aquatic organisms –Usually protists –Can include animal larvae or small crustaceans –Important in aquatic food chains –2 types: Phytoplankton- photoautrophic Zooplankton- heterotrophic

4. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 1.Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) –Ex. Euglena –~900 species –Unicellular –Motile with flagella –Photosynthetic –No cell wall (pellicle instead) –Mostly freshwater –Reproduce via simple cell division

5. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 2. Phylum Bacillariophyta (Golden Algae) –Diatoms –~100000 extant species –Mostly unicellular –2-part outer shell (frustule) –Cell wall of silica (glass-like) –Diatomaceous earth –Photosynthetic –Abrasive- used in toothpastes, scouring pads, cosmetics, silver polish –Major component of aquatic ecosystems

6. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 3. Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) –Ex. Volvox –~1700 species (very diverse) –Unicellular and multicellular –With chlorophyll for photosynthesis –Mostly freshwater –Believed to have given rise to modern-day plants

7. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 4. Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) –Ex. Seaweed, kelp –~1500 species –Multicellular –“roots” and “leaves” –Source of iodine –Used in fertilizers –Photosynthetic –Almost entirely marine

8. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 5. Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) –Ex. Coralline algae, nori –~5000 species –Autotrophs –Multicellular and very complex –Carageenan and/or agar in cells used in making agar for petri dishes, ice cream, pudding, gel caps for pills, makeup –Food items

9. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE) 6. Phylum Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) –Ex. –Unicellular –Autotrophs, heterotrophs, few parasites –Motile with flagella –Some bioluminescent when disturbed –Algal blooms/ red tide (up to 20 million cells/ liter; neurotoxin) –Many are zooxanthellae (symbiosis in hosts such as coral reefs)

10. The Plant-Like Protists (ALGAE)

12. The Animal-Like Protists (PROTOZOANS) 1.Phylum Sarcodina (Rhizoids) –Ex. Amoeba, foraminiferans, Entamoeba hystolytica –~12000 extant species –Pseudopodia (false feet) for moving and engulfing prey –Use cytoplasm and pseudopodia to move –Some chalk-like, some glass-like –When forams die, their tests (protective shell-like covering) sink and accumulate in large batches Great Pyramids of Egypt are built from sandstone composed largely of fossilized giant Nummulites, an ancient kind of foram The famous White Cliffs of Dover are limestone cliffs formed from the skeletal remains of forams

13. The Animal-Like Protists (PROTOZOANS) 2. Phylum Ciliophora (Cilates) –Ex. Paramecium –Motile with cilia –Cilia beat in synchronized waves and thereby propel the organism through water –Macronucleus for metabolism and micronucleus for reproduction

14. The Animal-Like Protists (PROTOZOANS) 3. Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) –Ex. Trypanosoma gambiense (African sleeping sickness via tsetse fly) Trichonympha and Trichomonas (termites’ digestive tracts) Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease) Giardia lamblia (abdominal pain and diarrhea) –Motile with flagella

15. The Animal-Like Protists (PROTOZOANS) 4. Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoans) –Ex. Plasmodium (malaria) Cryptosporidium (chronic diarrhea) Toxoplasma (cats/ fecal contamination- exposure to humans) –Sessile –Parasites

16. The Animal-Like Protists (PROTOZOANS)

17. The Fungus-Like Protists (SLIME MOLDS) –Sometimes unicellular, sometimes multicellular –Recycle organic matter (decomposers) –Phyla Myxomycota- Plasmodial slime molds –formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse –Amoeboid movement, phagocytosis Oomycota –Water molds and downy mildews Acrasiomycota- cellular slime molds –These spend most of their lives as separate amoeboid cells; however, upon the release of a chemical signal, the individual cells aggregate into a great swarm.

18. The Fungus-Like Protists (SLIME MOLDS)

19. In 2000, a team of Japanese and Hungarian researchers, writing in the journal Nature,1 claimed to have found the slime mold Physarum polycephalum is capable of finding the shortest way through a maze. Pieces of the slime mould were enticed through a 30-square-centimeter (five- square-inch) maze by the prospect of food at the end of the puzzle. The researchers concluded that the creature was exhibiting a kind of primitive intelligence.

20. The Fungus-Like Protists (SLIME MOLDS) http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&q=slime%20molds&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wv# Physarum polycephalum also serves as the brain of a six-legged robot developed at the University of Southampton, England. The slime-mold, which naturally shies away from light, controls the robot's movement so that it too keeps out of light and seeks out dark places in which to hide itself.