1. The Plant Kingdom (Part I)
Kingdom Characteristics

2. Engage
Doom’s Day Vault Video

3. Explore
Plant Kingdom Lab

4. Explain Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophic-Photosynthetic
Plant Cells
Cell walls of cellulose
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
Cuticle: waxy waterproof coating

5. Plant Origin First plants 500 mya Looked like mosses
Probably evolved from green algae
Cellulose cell walls
Same type of chlorophyll
Store excess food as starch

6. Evolution of Plants (Cladogram)
Flowering plants
Cone-bearing plants
Ferns and their relatives
Mosses and their relatives
Green algae ancestor
Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

7. Adaptations of Plants to Land
Seeds (Dormant until water added)
Roots
Stems
Leaf – Autotrophic Organisms
Must Conserve Water (Stomata)
Reproductive Strategies

8. Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Plant Tissues

9. Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue

10. Plant Tissues Section 23-1 include Dermal tissue Meristematic tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
includes
includes
includes
Epidermal cells
Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
Schlerenchyma cells
includes
includes
Tracheids
Vessel elements
Sieve tube elements
Companion cells

11. 1. The Seed External Structures 1. Seed coat 2. Hilum 3. Micropyle
Internal Structures
1. Embryo plant
2. Cotyledon

12. Germination – To Begin to Grow

13. 2. Roots: Anchors Away Functions Anchors the plant
Absorbs water and minerals from soil
Stores food

14. Primary Root
The first root to develop from the seed.

15. Secondary Roots
Develop from the primary root and from themselves.

16. Tap Root System Develops from the primary root.
Reaches deep into the ground
Helps the plant during periods of drought.

17. Fibrous Root System
Develops when the secondary roots become the main roots.
Shallow roots but spread over a broad area.
Helps prevent erosion.

18. Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)
Epidermis
Ground tissue (cortex)
Vascular Cylinder
Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x)
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Root hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Apical meristem
Root cap
Zone of maturation
Zone of elongation

19. The Root Tip Root cap (Protects the root from abrasion)
Apical Meristem (Produces new cells for growth)
Zone of Elongation (Cells elongate allowing the root to grow longer)
Zone of Maturation (Cells develop into tissues)

20. 3. Stems: The Connector Functions Connects the leaves with the roots
Displays the leaves for maximum sunlight exposure.
Stores food
Minor photosynthetic ability
Contains vascular tissue
Phloem – transports sugars from leaves
Xylem – transports water and minerals from roots

21. Comparing Primary and Secondary Growth of Stems
Characteristics
Where It Occurs
Effect on Plant
How It Is Produced
Primary Growth
Secondary Growth
At ends of plants
Increases plant length
By cell division in the apical meristem
In stem
Increases stem width
By cell division in meristems other than the apical meristem

22. Secondary Growth in Stems
A. Vascular cambium appears
B. Secondary
growth continues
C. Mature stem develops
Primary phloem
Secondary phloem
Secondary xylem
Primary xylem
Bark
Wood
Secondary phloem
Secondary xylem
Cork
Cork cambium
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith

23. Layers of a Tree Trunk Wood Bark Cork
Contains old, nonfunctioning xylem that helps support the tree
Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals
Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem
Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis
Produces protective layer of cork
Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree
Xylem: Heartwood
Cork Cambium
Phloem
Vascular Cambium
Xylem: Sapwood

24. 4. Leaf - Autotrophic Functions Carries on Photosynthesis Stores food
Regulates transpiration through stomata

25. Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
Spongy mesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guard cells

26. Internal Leaf Anatomy Cuticle Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll (chloroplasts)
Spongy Mesophyll
Vein (xylem and phloem)
Air Spaces
Lower Epidermis
Stomata
Guard cells

27. Sugar Transport in Phloem

28. Nutrient Transport
Occurs in PHLOEM
Pressure-flow hypothesis

29. 5. Water Conservation Cuticle Stomata
Waxy outer coating that prevents water loss
Stomata
Openings for gas exchange
Open to release water, Close to conserve

30. Stomata

31. Stomata Guard cells regulate the size of the stoma.
K+ (potassium ions) enter the cells causing them to fill with water.
This opens the stoma when they become turgid.
A loss of K+ causes the opposite to occur, and they close when they become flaccid.

32. Stoma Open Stoma Closed
Section 23-4
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed

33. Stoma Open Stoma Closed
Section 23-4
Guard cells
Guard cells
Inner cell wall
Inner cell wall
Stoma
Stoma Open
Stoma Closed

34. Transpiration

35. Water Transport Root Pressure Capillary Action Transpirational Pull
Adhesion – attraction between unlike
Cohesion – attraction between like
Transpirational Pull
Pulling water up through the vascular tissue due to evaporation and capillary action

36. 6. Reproductive Strategies
Seeds
Contains an embryo
Contains a food supply
Covered by a protective coat
Spores
Single haploid cell with hard outer wall

37. Elaborate Xylem Demonstration The Magic Toothpick
Linking Up Demonstration
Stomata Lab
Transpiration Lab

38. Evaluate