1. Warring City-States
Ch. 5 section 2 pg. 115

2. But First- A Review
Why didn’t the Greeks unite under a single government?
Mountains separated them
Greece also consisted of many islands- How many?
1400
Did the Trojan War really exist?
Yes
Why don’t we know much about the period of decline in Greece?
No written record
Who wrote the epics, The Iliad and the Odyssey?
Homer

3. Greek civilization experienced a period of decline during the Dorian period
After many centuries, Dorians and Mycenaeans identified less with culture of their ancestors and more with local city-state
By 750 B.C. Greeks saw the rise of powerful city-states

4. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Polis (city-state) was the main political unit in Ancient Greece
Made up of a city and surrounding countryside (between sq miles)
20,000 or less residents and men would gather at the agora (public center) or an acropolis (fortified hilltop) to conduct business

5. Greek Political Structures
City states adopted different political structures.
Monarchy- kings or monarchs rule the government
Aristocracy- government ruled by few land owning nobles
Oligarchy- government ruled by a few powerful people
Direct Democracy- rule by the people

6. New Kind of Army
Weapons made of bronze were expensive, and only the wealthy could afford to arm themselves
Iron was more common, cheaper and harder than bronze- soon ordinary citizens could afford to arm and defend themselves

7. Phalanx Citizens were expected to defend the polis
Foot soldiers called hoplites (named after the body shield, the hoplon) stood side by side, holding a spear in one hand, and a shield in another
Fearsome formation called phalanx, was most powerful fighting force in ancient world

12. Sparta Located in southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus
Nearly cut off from rest of Greece by Gulf of Corinth
Built a military state

13. Sparta conquered neighbor Messenia in 725 B.C. and took over land
Messenians became helots- slightly higher than slaves to Spartans
600 B.C. helots revolted and outnumbered the Spartans
Spartans barely beat the helots and scared them into creating a strong government

14. Spartan Government Two kings led Sparta A council of Elders
1 king handled military
1 king took care of domestic matters
A council of Elders
Made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60
Proposed laws and served as a criminal court
An assembly
Included all male citizens over 30
Elected 5 ephors
Made sure the kings stayed within the law
Elected for a 1 year term
Controlled the education of Spartans

15. Spartan Society Life centered around military training
At age 7, boys left home and moved into military barracks
At age 20, man was able to wed, but still lived in barracks for another 10 years, remained on active duty another 20 years and could retire when he was 60

17. Spartan Women Spartan girls put Spartan service above family and love
didn’t receive military training but would wrestle, run an play sports
they ran the household and raised children as men were away serving in the military
Didn’t have the right to vote, but had more rights than other city-state women
Their best value was seen as producing Spartan soldiers

18. From B.C. Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece, but had no individual expression or appreciation

19. Athens

20. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Athens north of Sparta
Outlook and values very different than Sparta

21. An ambassador from the city-state of Corinth once compared Athens and Sparta “ Sparta has the strongest army in Greece, but they are too cautious and lack imagination and curiosity. Athens was eager to learn new ideas because they were educated to think and act as free people”

22. Athens
After a power struggle with rich and poor, Athens defeated the idea of a civil war by creating a democracy- a rule by the citizens
Only free adult males counted as citizens
Women focused on cooking, cleaning and mothering

23. Reforms
Common people opposed aristocrats running the government and stopped an attempt of nobles establishing a tyranny
Demanded a written code of laws
Draco, a Greek lawmaker, drafted the first code that was mainly about contracts and property ownership

24. 546 B.C. Solon, a well liked statesman, gets full power to reform the law
Solon allows all citizens to participate and debate in policies
Solon responsible for overseas trade profit, but ignored land reforms, causing fighting between rich landowners and poor
508 B.C. Cleisthenes is the leader of Athens and creates a full democracy

26. The Persian Wars

27. Danger of helot revolt= Sparta becoming a military state
Danger of civil war= Athens creates a democracy
Greatest danger of all- invasion of Persian armies
Persian wars- wars between Greece and Persian empire

28. Persian Wars Began in Ionia, on coast of Anatolia
Greeks long been settled there, but Persians conquered the area
Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sends ships and soldiers to aid them

29. Remember him?
He’s the bodyguard who killed the king!
Persian King Darius defeated the rebels and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge

30. In 490 B.C., Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed on plain NE of Athens called Marathon

31. Darius greeted by 10,000 Athenians arranged in phalanxes
Greeks charge at Persians who wore light armor and lacked training in this type of combat- no match for Greek phalanx
After several hours, Persians retreat, casualties 6,400 Persians, 192 Athenians

32. The Marathon
Athenians win battle, but city of Athens stood defenseless
Send young man named Pheidippides to run to Athens and give them the message of the victory, and not give up the city without a fight
Sprinted from Marathon to Athens, 25 miles

33. And now you know…
Nike means victory
Pheidippides delivered his message, “Nike”, collapsed, and then died
His heroic run inspired officials at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens to add a 26-mile marathon to their competition

34. More about the Persian War
Greek army quickly set off to Athens to prepare and wait for another attack from the Persians
Persians sailed away in retreat
10 years later, Persian empire who vowed to destroy Athens, invades again.
Darius now dead, son Xerxes assembles enormous invasion

35. Greeks really divided- some say let them burn Athens and get it over with, some fought with Athens, some city-states even fought on the Persian side
Xerxes army met no resistance as it marched down the eastern Greek coast

36. But when Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his way

37. Fought for 3 days, then Xerxes found a secret path around cliffs
Spartans stayed to fight fearing defeat, while other Greeks retreated
All 300 Spartans were killed

38.
Meanwhile, Athenians decide best way to defend city is to fight at sea
Position Greek fleet near island Salamis in a narrow channel
Xerxes send ships to block both ends of channel, but ships to big and couldn’t maneuver well through channel

39. Greek ships drove their rams through the wooden hulls of the Persian fleet, puncturing the warships
1/3 of Xerxes fleet sank
Spartans defeated the rest of Persian Army at a third battle on the plain of Plataea

40. Consequences of Persian Wars
Greek city-states feel a new sense of confidence and freedom
Athens leads an alliance of 140 Greek cities called the Delian League, ending the threat of future attacks from Persia
Athens enters a “Golden Age”

41. Assignment On page 119, do #2 and #3
*Don’t forget the headlines for #2!
Use a separate sheet of paper
Due today