1. Kingdom Protista

2. What’s a Protist? Protist, not Protest Protists are: 3 Types:
Eukaryotes (cells have nucleus & organelles)
Mainly single-celled, but have multicellular also
Not a fungus, a plant, or an animal
3 Types:
Animal-Like, Plant-Like, & Fungus-Like Protists

3. Animal-Like Protists Known as PROTOZOANS (first animal) Heterotrophic
Get energy from other organisms
4 Types: distinguished by their movement
Zooflagellates
Sarcodines
Ciliates
Sporozoans

4. Zooflagellates Move by using FLAGELLA Have one or two flagella
Absorb food through cell membrane from dead organisms
Live in streams or lakes
Reproduce Asexually by mitosis
or Sexually by meiosis

5. Sarcodines Move with PSEUDOPODS Also use PSEUDOPODS for feeding
These are cytoplasmic extensions
Also use PSEUDOPODS for feeding
They surround food with membrane making a food vacoule
Examples:
Amoebas, Foraminiferans,
& Heliozoans

6. Ciliates Use CILIA for feeding and movement
Instead of having only 1 or 2, they have many cilias
Use cilia to move food into gullet and make food vacoule
Reproduce their mitosis
Also go through conjugation to pass genes (just like some bacteria)
Example: Paramecium

7. Sporozoans Unique because they don’t move freely
PARASITIC – live in host
Reproduce through SPOROZOITES
Sporozoites attach to a host cell and penetrate it to live in it

8. Protozoans & Diseases Malaria African Sleeping Sickness
Caused by sporozoan Plasmodium
Passed on by mosquitoes
African Sleeping Sickness
Caused by zooflagellate Trypanosoma
Transmitted by bite of the tsetse fly
Effects nervous system; fall into fatal sleep
Amebic Dysentary
Caused by amoeba Entamoeba

10. Part 2

11. Plant-Like Protists – Unicellular
Unicellular ALGAE
Why plant-like?
Because contain pigments & photosynthetic
Contain chlorophyll & accessory pigments
4 Types:
1) Euglenophytes 3) Diatoms
2) Chrysophytes 4) Dinoflagellates

12. Euglenophytes Have 2 flagella Have chloroplast & chlorophyll
Unlike plants = no cell wall
For protection instead have Pellicle
Have EYESPOT = cluster of red pigments to help find sunlight
Reproduce asexually by Binary Fission

14. Chrysophytes Name means “Golden Plants” Yellow-Green Algae
Cell wall contains pectin & cellulose
Store food as oil, not starch (like plants)
Reproduce asexually & sexually

15. Diatoms Most abundant organism Cell walls made of silicon (Si)
Silicon is the main component of glass
Look like two petri-dishes on each other
When they die, make Diatomaceous Earth

16. Dinoflagellates ½ are Photosynthetic & ½ are Heterotrophic
Have 2 flagella that wrap around body
Cell wall made of Cellulose (like plants)
Reproduce asexually (Binary Fission)

17. Plant-Like Protists – Multicellular
Multicellular ALGAE
1) Green Algae
2) Red Algae
3) Brown Algae
Biggest Difference is their Pigments

18. Green Algae Extremely similar to plants:
Have chlorophyll a and b
Cell walls of cellulose
Stores food as starch
Can be unicellular, colonial, & multicellular

19. Brown Algae General Structure: Contains chlorophyll a and c
Also contains fucoxanthin (brown pigment)
Largest known algae, Giant Kelp

20. Red Algae Have chlorophyll a & phycobilins (red pigment)
Good at making energy, so grow in deep water
Important to coral reefs

21. Reproduction in Algae Many life cycles have two generations:
Haploid (n) = Spores & Gametes
Diploid (2n) = Sporophyte & Zygote

22. Human Uses of Algae Major Food Source 1) Sushi
Dried & used as a wrap (Porphira – red algae)
Also used for salad (Green algae)
2) Ice cream, Cheese, Syrups, Puddings
Algin – Brown Algae
Carrageenan – Red Algae
Industrial Uses
Algin used for paint, rubber, cosmetics
Pigments also used for medicine & pharmaceuticals

23. Part 3

24. Fungus-Like Protists Like fungus, these are Heterotrophs
Absorb nutrients from dead organisms
Key role = recycle organic material
Unlike true fungus:
Have centrioles
Don’t have chitin cell walls
2 Types:
1) Slime Molds & 2) Water Molds

25. Slime Molds Two Groups: Cellular Slime Molds Acellular Slime Molds
Cellular Slime Molds & Acellular Slime Molds (seperated by cell membrane) (cells fuse to form 1 with many nuclei)
Cellular Slime Molds
Free Living, but release chemicals to attract individuals
Form colonies
Reproduce by Fruiting Body that releases spores
Acellular Slime Molds
Single cells fuse together to form PLASMODIA
Fruiting bodies spring up and release spores with flagella

27. Water Molds Thrive on dead or decaying organisms
Some live on land as plant parasites
Produce HYPHAE:
Many cells together
Cell walls made of cellulose
Produce spores that are motile
Reproduce both asexually & sexually
Antheridium = produces male nuclei
Oogonium = produces female nuclei