1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Objectives Summarize how plants are adapted to living on land Distinguish nonvascular plants from vascular plants Relate the success of plants on land to seeds and flowers Describe the basic structure of a vascular plant sporophyte

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Establishment of Plants on Land Plants are the dominant land organism Plants evolved from multicellular aquatic green algae

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Before plants could live on land, needed to do three things: 1. absorb nutrients from surroundings, 2. prevent their bodies from drying out 3. reproduce without water to transmit sperm

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Evolutionary Relationships Between Plants and Green Algae

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Preventing Water Loss A watertight covering, a cuticle, is a waxy layer that covers the non-woody aboveground parts of most plants

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Absorbing Nutrients Aquatic algae take nutrients from the water On land, most plants take nutrients from the soil with roots

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Advantages of Conducting Tissue Specialized cells that transport water and other materials are vascular tissues small plants that have no vascular system are called nonvascular plants-mosses, liverworts Plants that have a vascular system are called vascular plants

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Vascular Tissue

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Structure of a Vascular Plant

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11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

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14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Tap Root Forms one primary root Ex: dicots (two leaves emerge from embryo), beans

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Fibrous root Embryos of grasses have a single radicle (root shoot) Also has other embryonic roots (seminal roots) forming just above the radicle all of these branch to form the fibrous root Ex: monocots (one leaf emerges from embryo)

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reproducing on Land sperm are enclosed in a structure that keeps them from drying out – pollen Pollen permits the sperm to be carried by wind or animals rather than by water.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Advantages of Seeds A seed is a structure that contains the embryo of a plant. An embryo is an early stage in the development of plants and animals. Most plants living today are seed plants

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21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu