1. Greece

2. Geographic Influence Mountains –Fertile valleys –Independent city-states

3. Geographic Influence Insufficient farmland –Founded colonies on Mediterranean coast

4. Geographic Influence Location –Peninsula in Mediterranean –Exchange of culture/trade Deep harbors –Numerous good harbors on its irregular coastline The Diolkos

5. Athens Democratic, leading city-state After 750 BC slow progress: –Monarchy--one-man, inherited –Aristocracy--group of nobles –Tyranny--one-man, for people –Democracy--rule by people

6. Athens (cont’d) Move toward democracy (600s-400s BC) –Draco—Codified law (including severe punishments) –Solon—Granted male commoners right to vote in Assembly –Cleisthenes—extended male citizenship –Pericles—Golden Age of Athens Paid salaries to public officials Society and economy thrived

7. Sparta Aristocratic/military city-state On Peloponnesian peninsula Population –Helots Large number of slaves –Nobles Small number of citizens Feared helots

8. Sparta (cont’d) Did not develop trade/industry Remained agricultural Emphasized military might Neglected: –Art –Literature –Science

9. Uniting Bonds Greek language Religion Olympic games Fear of Persians Felt superior to non-Greeks, referring to them as “ barbarians ”

10. Persian Wars 500-479 BC Greek colonies in Asia Minor revolted Darius defeated them and wanted to annex all of Greece Persians defeated at Marathon Greeks rallied to beat Persians Preserved Greek independence

11. Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC Sparta (Peloponnesian League) defeated Athens (Delian League) –Sparta unable to unite Greece

12. Philip of Macedonia 359 BC-king of Macedonia –Admired Greek culture –Wanted to unify Greek city-states 338 BC-conquered/united all Greek city-states, except Sparta Assassinated His son, Alexander (aged 20) came to power

13. Alexander the Great 336-323 BC Taught by Aristotle Conquered Persian Empire Created Hellenistic culture Suddenly died at age 33

14. Greek Contributions Theater –Sophocles--Oedipus Rex Poetry –Homer — Iliad & Odyssey Historical Writing –Herodotus (Father of History) Embellished facts –Thucydides (scientific historian) Accurate account

15. Greek Contributions (cont’d.) Architecture/Sculpture –Marble –Simple –Well-proportioned Philosophy –Socrates (individual) — Questioned –Plato (group) — Ideal government –Aristotle (world) — Philosophy/science

16. Science and mathematics –Pythagoras/Euclid — Geometry –Hippocrates — Medicine –Aristarchus — Geocentrism –Archimedes — Levers/pulleys –Eratosthenes--Accurate estimate of earth ’ s circumference Greek Contributions (cont’d.)