1. 2008 Study Guide for Chapter 19, Protists
General Characteristics of protists
Animal-like protists: heterotrophs
Protozoa
4 phyla
Characteristics
Movement, contractile vacuole
Any light sensory adaptations
Body plan characteristics
Any with shells—what shell is made of
General life cycle of plasmodium\relate to malaria
Fungus-like protists
Spores
Some aboeboid-like movement
heterotrophs
Plant-Like protists
Unicellular
Phytoplankton
plankton
base of food chain, oxygen
dinoflagellates
Red tides/neurotoxins/algae bloom
Euglena—mixotroph
Oxygen and food importance (base of aquatic food chain)
Multicellular algae--seawead
Names of 3 phylum
Main pigments in each
Which is most like land plants and why
Cold\warm water; deep water?; any used commercially
MISC. TERMINOLOGY:
Heterotroph
Autotroph
mixotroph
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Spore
Malaria
plasmodium
Female Anopholes mosquito
Red tides. Dinoflagellates, algae bloom
Symbiont—termite & symbiont protist

2. HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

3. CHAPTER 19 PROTISTS Major groups Characteristics Ecological Niches
Human Diseases
Major source of oxygen!!!

4. What is a protist? Eukaryotes Unicellular and multicellular
**The only kingdom of eukaryotes with both autotrophs and heterotrophs
Most diverse of all kingdoms
Mostly aquatic

5. Protist Variety Animal-like—Protozoa Plant-like—Algae
Fungus like-Water molds and Slime Molds

6. Evolutionary Relationships
Ancestors of
Fungi
Animalia
And
Plant
Kingdoms

7. Animal-lik Protozoa HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

8. The Plant-like are Autotrophic Protists

9. Heterotrophic Nutrition
May ingest other organisms
Parasitize
Decompose
organic remains

10. Homework-due Wednesday
19.1: #2,4,5
19.3: #1
19.2: #1

11. Protozoa animal-like protists- “FIRST ANIMALS”
65, 000 KINDS
Predators or Parasites
A few cause disease in humans
Categorized Based On Type of Locomotion
4 main groups

12. 4 Protozoa Groups (Phyla):
1. Rhizopoda (sarcodina) (pseudopods)
2. Zoomastigina (flagellated)
3. Ciliophora (cilliates)
4. Sporozoa (Complex life cycle)

13. Phylum Rhizopoda (sarcodina)
Amoebas
Mostly marine
Asexual reproduction
Heterotrophs
pseudopods

14. Amoeba

15. 2 groups of amoebas have shells
Marine
Extend pseudopods through shells
1. Foraminiferans
Calcium carbonate shells
Foraminiferan tests build up and
form limestone or chalk
(e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)

17. : White Cliffs of Dover

18. 2. Radiolarians Intricate Silica shells
Important plankton—base of marine food chain

19. Some parasites, some helpful
2. Phylum Zoomastigina
Movement
flagella
Whip from side to side
Some parasites, some helpful

20. Trichonympha : symbiont in termite gut, digests cellulose
Covered with flagella.

23. Trypanosoma brucei
Causes African Sleeping Sickness.
Transmitted by Tsetse fly, travels through bloodstream. Destroys nervous system, RBC’s

24. 3. Phylum Ciliophora Cilia: Short, hair-like structures
movement, feeding
Cilia-beat in synchronized fashion

25. Example: Paramecium Multinucleated Oral Groove Gullet Anal Pore
-Contractile vacuole

26. Paramecium Reproduction Usually asexually-divide crosswise
Also sexual via Conjugation; exchange genetic material., separate, then each divides in two
Low food supply or poor environmental conditions

27. 4. Phylum Sporozoa Produce spores Parasites Complex life cycle
Adults have no form of movement

28. Diseases Caused by Sporozoans
Malaria--Plasmodium
Toxoplasmosis

29. Malarial organism: Plasmodium
Transmitted by FEMALE Anopheles mosquito.
Complex life cycle:
2 hosts
Sexual reproduction in mosquito
Lives part in humans (mammals)
Asexual reproduction-in mammals-spores

30. Transmission of Plasmodium & life cycle

32. Sporozoans-Toxoplasmosa
Sexual stage in cats (zygote forms).
Completes asexual stage in humans, cattle, pigs, other (multiple mitotic divisions)
Transmtted: raw, undercooked meat, cat litter box
**Infected pregnant woman --may result in birth defects.

33. 19.2 Algae: Plant-like Protists Single-celled and Multi-celled
All are Photosynthetic
Some Unicellular- planktonic
Some Multicellular- 3 phyla –The Seaweeds
All Contain chlorophyll—as well as other photosynthetic pigments used to classify Multicellular

34. Phylum Euglenophyta
UNIQUE--Both plant and animal-like characteristics--may be heterotrophic –
Photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Photosensitive Eyespot
Contractile vacuole
Flagella
freshwater

35. Single-celled algae : The phytoplankton
Drift on/in waters
Shelled:
The Diatoms and Dinoflagellates
No shells—single-celled Chlorophyta

36. 1. Diatoms Silica shells 2 halves, like a pill box
Toothpaste, metal polish abrasive
Store food as oil--buoyancy

37. Dinoflagellates 2 flagella Cell walls – thick cellulose plates
Most marine
Some produce toxins-neurotoxin
Red tides

38. Ancestors of all land plants
Phylum Chlorophyta
Single-celled green algae
Ancestors of all land plants
Freshwater and marine
Fur of slow moving animals– tree sloths
Chlorophyll A & B; cellulose, starch

39. Multicellular algae--Seaweed
Accessory pigments distinguish them
Structure
Thallus—the body
Holdfast( anchor)

40. Multicellular green algae- 1. Phylum Chlorophyta
Most like true plants:
Like land plants- they have: cellulose, starch, chlorophyll A & B

41. Phychobilin pigment deep water 3.Agar-Micro labs 2. Phylum Rhodophyta
Uses:
1.Carageenan from cell wall
Used as Food thickener and stabilizer
2.sushi wrapper (Nori)
3.Agar-Micro labs

42. 3.Phylum Phaeophyta Brown algae Fucoxanthin-brown pigment
Marine; cold water like Pacific Ocean
Fucoxanthin-brown pigment
Kelp-largest (Pacific)
Sargasum ( common in Atlantic)

45. I. Slime Molds& Water Molds
Parasites or Decomposers
Resemble Fungi---Produce Spores when conditions are unfavorable

46. 1. Slime Molds Live in moist, decaying matter (wood, leaves, dung).
Colorful .

47. 2. Phylum Oomycota Some saprobes (feed on dead or decaying matter)
Others are plant parasites
1. Water Molds
2. Downy Mildew

48. Fungus-Like Protists
Reproduce by spores
heterotrophic

49. A. Water Molds Flagellated reproductive cells Fuzzy, white growth
Parasite on animals—fish
and plants-grapes
almost destroyed French vineyards in the 1870s. Fortunately, the so-called Bordeaux mixture of lime and copper sulfate saved the grapes
Parasitic water molds damage fish and many crop plants.
Some water molds are parasites on other organisms; they may grow on the scales or eggs of fish, or on amphibians. The water mold Saprolegnia causes lesions on fish which cause problems when the water is rather stagnant, as in aquaria or fish farms, or at high population densities, such as when salmon swim upstream to spawn. Other species of Saprolegnia are parasitic on aquatic invertebrates such as rotifers, nematodes, and arthropods, and on diatoms.
Their greatest impact on humans, however, comes from the many species of water mold which are parasites on flowering plants. These include root rotting fungi, seedling dampening mold, blister rusts, white rusts (Albugo), and the downy mildews that affect grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage, and many other crop plants. Two of these disease-causing chromists have had a major impact on world history.
The first of these is Phytophthora infestans, the organism which causes late blight of potato. The potato is native to North America, but once it was introduced to Europe, it quickly became an important food crop. Late blight did not follow its host plant across the Atlantic until much later; the disease organism grows into the stem and leaf tissues, causing death, and may also infest the tubers, which are the part of the plant that is eaten. The disease spreads rapidly under cool and damp conditions, which are common in western Europe. In one week during the summer of 1846, this diease wiped out almost the entire potato crop of Ireland, a crop which was the primary food of the poor at that time. Nearly a million Irish died in the Great Famine, and an additional one-and-a-half million emigrated to other countries, including America. Thus, if you are an American with Irish ancestry, it was probably the oomycetes that brought your family here. Other species of Phytophthora destroy eucalyptus, avocado, pineapples, and other tropical crop plants.
The other oomycete which has severely impacted recent history is pictured at right -- Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew of grapes. It also is a native of North America, but in the late 1870s was accidentally introduced to Europe. At the time, the French wine industry was concerned over a massive aphid infestation, and so brought resistant vine strains over from America to breed them into their own grapes. When these American stocks arrived, they also brought the downy mildew, which almost wiped out the entire French wine industry. The industry was saved by the serendipitous discovery of Bordeaux mixture, a mixture of lime and copper sulfate, which brought the disease under control when applied to the leaves of the plants. This discovery is also important for being the first known fungicide, and in fact the first chemical used to control a

50. Water Molds
Also cause disease in fish

51. B. Downy Mildew Many plant diseases Irish potato famine
Blight 0f 1840’s

52. Map of Potato Blight Outbreaks for 2000 Blight Recordings 2001

54. A few Review Questions -What protists are the major components of phytoplankton? What does Plankton mean? What does phytoplankton mean? -What causes red tides? -What are commercial uses of algae? -What cell components are used by protists for locomotion? -Which photosynthetic pigments are found in red, brown, green algae (Phaeophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta) Which protist is the ancestor of all land plants & what are the characteristics these protists and plants share? -Which protists are heterotrophic? -What is positive phototaxis and why does Euglena demonstrate it? What does Protozoa mean? What causes Malaria? What 2 hosts does a Plasmodium require to complete its life cycle?