1. Study Guide

2. 1. ____________ and the ________ influenced Greek history. 2. _______________________________ helped create fiercely independent city states. 3. ___________ the first Greek city-state. 4. ____________ Period after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization. 5. _____________ Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Mountains Seacoast Physical Geography of Greece Mycenae Dark Ages Epic Poems

3. 6. Polis city-state, the focus of Greek life. 7. Acropolis in early Greek city-states, a fortified gathering place at the top of a hill that was sometimes the site of temples and public buildings. 8. Agora in early Greek city-states, an open area that served as a gathering place and as a market 9. Hoplites heavily armed foot soldiers or infantrymen. 10. Sparta a military state focused on the art of war.

4. 11. Oligarchy the type of government that Sparta had, means “rule by a few” 12. Cleisthenes created foundation of democracy for Athens 13. tyrant a ruler who seized power in ancient Greece by force. 14. The end of tyranny led to the development of democracy. 15. The threat from Persia brought Sparta and Athens together as allies. 16. Sparta won the Peloponnesian war.

5. 17. ____________________ blinded the Greek city states to the threat from Macedonia 18. _____ chief god and father of the gods. 19. ________________ Where the God’s lived 20. ___________ He wrote the History of the Persian Wars which is widely considered the first real history in western civilization. 21. ____________ considered greatest historian of the ancient world. Peloponnesian War Zeus Mount Olympus Herodotus Thucydides

6. 22. Philosophy an organized system of thought. 23. Socrates Philosopher that believed in self- examination 24. Alexander the Great His conquests led to the Hellenistic Era, an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and Greek ideas to the non-Greek world.

7. 25. Eratosthenes This astronomer determined that the world was round and measured the earth’s circumference relatively close to its actual size. 26. Stoicism happiness could only be found when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God. 27. Archimedes associated with the concept of pi. 28. Aristarchus of Samos a Hellenistic astronomer

8. 29. How did Greek tyrants gain and keep their power? What led to their demise by the end of the sixth century B.C.? 30. What led to the Great Peloponnesian War? How did it end? 31. Explain the astronomer Aristarchus’s theory about the Earth and the sun. What was the prevailing view? 32. Explain Homer’s influence on Greek civilization. 33. Explain the spread of Greek culture into Southwest Asia during the Hellenistic Era.