1. Plants!

2. A plant = a multicellular eukaryote that has a cell wall made of cellulose They develop multicellular embryos They carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll

3. Plants take up water/nutrients in their roots and make food in their leaves Plants have 2 different kinds of reproductive cells; gametes and spores Most leaves have thick flattened sections called blades to help collect sunlight

4. There are 2 main types of roots: taproots and fibrous roots With a taproot – the primary root grows long and thick (oak/hickory trees and carrots) Fibrous roots can have extensive branch systems (grasses)

5. Plants started out in water and had to adapt to living on land The first plants evolved from an organism much like the multicellular green algae living today

6. The plant kingdom is divided into 4 groups based on three important features: water conditioning tissues, seeds, and flowers

7. Bryophytes have life cycles that depends on water for reproduction – this keeps the these plants relatively small

8. Peat moss can also be used in gardening They include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Humans can use peat (thick deposits of moss) as fuels

9. Seedless vascular plants evolved after bryophytes and were the first plants to have vascular tissue They include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

10. Vascular tissues is a transportation system to move water, nutrients, and food through the plant Xylem helps move water up from the roots Phloem transports nutrients and food

11. Seed plants are the most dominant form of plants They are divided into 2 groups: gymnosperms (their seed are on the surface of cones) and angiosperms (flowering plants that protect their seeds)

12. Seeded plants became the dominant plant because they are able to reproduce without water Angiosperms can be separated into 2 classes: monocots or dicots

13. They are named for the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in the plant embryo Monocots have one seed leaf Dicots have 2 seed leaves Other difference between the two include distribution of vascular tissue, stems, roots and leaves and the number of petals per flower

15. Plants have hormones in order to grow and respond A hormone = a chemical substance that controls a plant ’ s pattern of growth and development, and the plant ’ s response to environmental conditions Plants have adaptations in order to respond to their environment

16. Auxins are responsible for phototropism – a plants tendency to grow towards the light Auxins stimulate cell elongation (the plant getting taller) Auxins are also responsible for gravitropism – a plants response to the force of gravity

17. Thigmotropism isn ’ t caused by auxin but is similar to photo/gravitropism – it is a plants response to being touched Some plants that are over handled can end up with stunted growth

18. Cytokinins do several things, including delaying the aging of leaves and helps in the early stages of plant growth Ethylene helps fruit ripen Gibberellins produce a dramatic increase in size, particularly in the stem and fruit

19. Some plants will close their leaves when touched (sensitive plant) Some plants have sensory cells that allow a quick response (venus fly traps) Some plant responses don ’ t involve growth

20. Many plants have adaptations to the environment they are in Plants that live in salt water (mangroves) are salt tolerant – they have special adaptations to get rid of the extra salt they take in Many aquatic plants have tissues with large air-filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse

21. Desert plants have extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems so they can store what water they get Plants that have specialized features for obtaining nutrients include carnivorous plants and parasites

22. Pitcher plants drown insects in their pitcher-shaped leaves that hold rain water and digestive enzymes Sundews trap insects with sticky secretions

23. The Venus fly trap has sensory hairs that when touched tell the plant to snap closed Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that gets its food from the trees it grows on

24. Many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that can have effects, including death and an interrupted reproduction style, against the animal eating it

25. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot

26. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot

27. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot

28. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot

29. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot

30. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot

31. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot

32. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot

33. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot

34. Monocot vs. Dicot Dicot