1. Fig. 21-2, p.334 multicelled gametophyte (n) multicelled sporophyte (2n) gametes (n) spores (n) mitosis meiosisfertilization mitosis zygote (2n) HAPLOID DIPLOID

2. Fig. 21-2, p.334 sporophyte’s importance angiospermsgymnospermsfernsbryophytesgreen algae zygote is only diploid phase gametophyte’s importance

3. Fig. 21-3, p.335 seed plants with complex leaves vascular plants land plants plants and close relatives charophytes mosses liverwortshornworts lycophytes cycads conifersginkgos gnetophytes flowering plants horsetails whisk fernsferns

4. Fig. 21-4, p.336

5. Fig. 21-5, p.336 Other germinating spores grow and develop into female gametophytes. Spores germinate. Some grow and develop into male gametophytes. Spores form by way of meiosis and are released. Sperm reach eggs by moving through raindrops or film of water on the plant surface. Zygote grows, develops into a sporophyte while still attached to gametophyte. zygote mature sporophyte (spore-producing structure and stalk), still dependent on gametophyte sperm-producing structure at shoot tip of male gametophyte egg-producing structure at shoot tip of female gametophyte rhizoids Diploid Stage Haploid Stage fertilization meiosis

6. Fig. 21-6, p.337

7. Fig. 21-7, p.337 female gametophytes thallus (leaflike part) close-up of gemmae male gametophyte

8. Fig. 21-8, p.338

9. Fig. 21-9, p.339 fertilization egg sperm zygote rhizome Spores develop. egg- producing structure sperm- producing structure mature gametophyte (underside) A spore germinates, grows into a gametophyte. Spores are released. sorus The sporophyte (still attached to the gametophyte) grows, develops. Haploid Stage Diploid Stage meiosis

10. Fig. 21-10, p.339

11. Fig. 21-13, p.341

15. Fig. 21-14, p.342

17. Fig. 21-15, p.343 surface view of a scale of a male strobilus (houses two pollen sacs) surface view of a female cone scale (houses two ovules) section through one ovule (the red “cut” in the diagram to the left) ovule section through a pollen sac (red cut) zygote mature sporophyte seedling seed coat embryo nutritive tissue seed formation Diploid Stage Megaspores form; one develops into the female gametophyte. Microspores form, develop into pollen grains. Germinating pollen grain (the male gametophyte). Sperm nuclei form as the pollen tube grows toward the egg. pollen tube sperm- producing cell pollination (wind deposits pollen grain near ovule) meiosis fertilization (view inside an ovule) eggs female gametophyte Haploid Stage

18. Fig. 21-16, p.344 ginkgo other genera gymnosperms ferns cycads angiosperms (flowering plants)

19. Fig. 21-17, p.344 ovule in an ovary stamen (microspores form here) carpel (megaspores form here) sepal petal

20. Fig. 21-18, p.345

23. basal groups Amborella water lilies magnoliids star anise monocots eudicots

24. Fig. 21-19, p.346 Megaspore gives rise to haploid cells in ovule. In one of the cells, mitosis without cytoplasmic division gives it two nuclei; it will give rise to endosperm. cell in ovule that will give rise to a megaspore ovules inside ovary pollen sac, where each one of many cells will give rise to microspores a flowering stem of the mature sporophyte (2n) Microspores form, then develop into pollen grains. Pollen is released. The pollen tube enters an ovule. cell from which endosperm will form female gametophyte ovary egg (line of cut of diagram at left) Diploid Stage Haploid Stage seed coat embryo (2n) endosperm (nutritive tissue) seed Pollination and pollen tube formation: male gametophyte sperm (n) pollen tube double fertilizationmeiosis

25. Table 21-1, p.348

26. Fig. 21-21, p.348 cycadsgnetophytes flowering plants ferns lycophytes hornworts ginkgos whisk ferns liverwortsmosses horsetails conifers

27. Fig. 21-22, p.349

28. Fig. 26-2, p.426 root tip root cap lateral (axillary) bud shoot tip (terminal bud) node internode node vascular tissues ground tissues SHOOTS ROOTS primary root lateral root young leaf flower dermal tissue leaf seeds in fruit withered seed leaf (cotyledon) stem root hairs

29. Fig. 26-3ab, p.427

30. Fig. 26-11, p.431

31. Fig. 26-15, p.433

32. Fig. 26-9, p.429 photosynthetic cellleaf surfacecuticleepidermal cell

33. Fig. 26-14, p.433 Photosynthetic products (pink arrow) enter vein, will be distributed through plant. Water, dissolved mineral ions from roots and stems move into leaf vein (blue arrow). Carbon dioxide (pink arrow) in outside air diffuses into leaf through stomata. Oxygen and water vapor (blue arrow) diffuse out of leaf through stomata. leaf vein (one vascular bundle) xylemphloemcuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis epidermal cell stoma (small gap across lower epidermis)

34. Fig. 27-10, p.448 20 µm chloroplast (guard cells are the only epidermal cells that have these organelles) stoma guard cell

35. Fig. 26-22, p.437

36. Fig. 27-4, p.444 a Root nodule of a soybean plant

37. Fig. 27-5, p.444

38. Fig. 27-7, p.446

39. Fig. 27-8, p.447

40. Fig. 27-18, p.453

41. Fig. 28-2b, p.456 ovary petal (all petals combined are the flower’s corolla) sepal (all sepals combined are flower’s calyx) receptacle ovule (forms within ovary) stamencarpel (male reproductive part) (female reproductive part) filamentantherstigmastyle

42. Fig. 28-3, p.457

43. Fig. 28-4, p.457

44. Fig. 28-5a, p.458

45. Fig. 28-5b, p.458

46. Fig. 28-7ac, p.461

47. Fig. 28-8, p.462

48. Fig. 28-19b, p.469

49. Fig. 28-22, p.470

50. Fig. 28-30, p.474