1. Today’s Agenda – 6/15 (B)  Hand back Practice Test  Evaluation  Go over Thematic Essay Topics

2. Geography – Influence Mountains – Greece  Mountains cover almost all of Greece’s area (archipelago)  Natural barrier for protection  Creates isolation  From other nations  Between city-states (Sparta vs. Athens in Peloponnesian Wars) Mountains – Japan  Mountains cover almost all of Japan’s area (archipelago)  Little arable land (farmable)  Adapted through terrace farming  Farming on mountain sides  Reliance on trade  Korea & China  Led to cultural diffusion

3. Geography – Influence River – Mesopotamia  Tigris & Euphrates Rivers  Fertile river valley (Fertile Crescent)  Provides fertile soil  food surplus  growing pop.  1 st civilization (cities w/ gov’t, language, etc)  Transportation & trade w/ Indus civilizations River – China  Huang He (Yellow) River  Provides fertile soil  food surplus  growing pop.  1 st civilization (cities w/ gov’t, language, etc)  “River of Sorrows” – massive flooding  Destruction of crops, villages

4. Geography – Positive or Negative Effects - Mountains Positive Effect  Greece & protection  India (Himalayas) & protection  Japan & cultural diffusion  Relied on trade w/ Korea & China, increased cultural diffusion Negative Effect  Greece & isolation (city- states)  India (Himalayas) & isolation from China & rest of Asia  Trading (Silk Road)  Cultural diffusion  Japan & little farmland  Relied on trade

5. Geography – Positive or Negative Effects – Rivers Positive Effect  River Valley civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India)  Fertile soil, transportation, trade  stable food, growing pop  1 st civilizations Negative Effect  Flooding in River Valleys  China & Huang He (River of Sorrows)  Increased flooding in China & India b/c of monsoons (seasonal winds)

6. Turning Point – Neolithic Rev Why a Turning Point  Change from nomadic life to permanent settlements  hunter/-gatherers  Migrated for food  Introduction to agriculture  Farming (slash & burn) & domesticated animals Positive or Negative Effect  Positive  Stable food supply  No migrating  Population grows  Villages  cities  Beginning of civilization

7. Turning Point – River Valleys Why a Turning Point  Mesopotamia, Egypt, India & China  Developed around rivers  First civilizations  Organized cities w/ gov’t, economy, religion, language Positive or Negative Effect  Positive  First civilizations lead to first empires  Interactions between first civilizations  Trade  War  Cultural diffusion

8. Turning Point – Age of Exploration Why a Turning Point  Europe looking for gold & glory  Discovery of new lands, goods, people, technologies  Magellan’s circumnavigation  Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English, French read N & S America  Global connections made  Old World & New World  Beginning of colonization Positive or Negative Effect  Positive  Columbian Exchange  New foods introduced to Europe (corn & potatoes)  European countries flourish  Mercantilism  Negative  Columbian Exchange  Diseases brought to new world  Empires conquered (Aztecs & Incas)  Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade begins