1. Fundamentals of Biomechanics
IB SEHS- SL

2. Phases of Motion Why is it important to break motion down into phases?
Preparatory - Execution - Follow Through
Why is it important to break motion down into phases?
So we can evaluate and correct in order to improve performance & prevent injury

3. Preparatory Phase In a ready position
The movements that get the player ready for the force-producing movements

4. Execution Phase
performs the movements that produce force, impact or propulsion (kicking, hitting).
It is also at the point of contact or release of the movement

5. Follow Through
movement slows down after impact and the player prepares for the next action.
Important in slowing the body parts down over a longer period of time.
Absorbing the forces produced and helping to prevent injuries.

6. Basketball - Bounce Pass
Basketball bounce pass video clip.
Preparation:
• both hands on the ball
• elbows in, wrist cocked, fingers spread (use finger pads)

7. Execution:
• step forward with one foot
• extend arms and snap wrists
• bounce ball on floor approximately 2/3
of the distance between you and
target (bounce pass)

8. Follow-Through:
• finish with arms extended and palms facing out and thumbs pointing down

9. Observe the differences in the two swings.
Video Clip. Cricket vs Baseball (6 min)
Additional question
Which sport is it harder to hit the ball?
clip of pitching phases of motion (5min)

10. What is a lever?
Rigid structures hinged at one point (fulcrum) to which forces are applied to two other points (effort and load)

11. Resistance arm- distance between load & fulcrum
Effort arm- distance between effort & fulcrum

12. What parts of the body are used to create a lever?
Fulcrum
Effort
Load
Joints
Muscles
Resistance, gravity, weight

13. Levers 1. First Class Lever:
The fulcrum lies between the effort and load.

14. Levers
2. Second Class Lever: the fulcrum lies at one end with the effort at the other and the load in the middle. Ex. Standing heel raise
mechanical advantage is greater than 1, which means larger loads can be moved with less effort.

15. Levers
3. Third Class Levers: the effort lies between the load and the fulcrum.
Mechanical advantage is less than 1, which means more effort to move smaller loads.

16. Human body and Levers
Biceps flexion & triceps extension are antagonistic muscle actions. Each can work as a lever. What type of levers are acting on each side of the humerus? Draw a picture of each lever.

17. What type of lever is at the neck when you flex and extend?
Human body and Levers
What type of lever is at the neck when you flex and extend?

18. What type of lever is at the toes joints when you go up on your toes?
Human body and Levers
What type of lever is at the toes joints when you go up on your toes?

19. Levers
Types of Levers

20. How can the length of a limb change the how a lever functions?
Long levers result in greater speed at the end of a limb. This in beneficial for throwing or striking an object.
Short lever can be moved with less force and at a greater speed. This is beneficial for moving body parts quickly and applying strength for pushing, pulling and lifting.
How can the length of a limb change the how a lever functions?

21. In the human body, levers are made of joints (fulcrum) and the bones that connect them to the objects being moved.
Levers in the human body can be manipulated to improve speed & apply large forces at the same time
Can you think of any situation in the human body where this occurs? (hint: think about changing the length of a limb) .
Running – lifting your foot and knee will create a shorter lever arm and increase speed.
Boxing- flexing elbow creates a shorter lever arm and increase speed of a punch.

22. Compare the throwing of a ball by hand and with the throwing of a ball with a jai alai basket, lax stick… Which is faster?
About mph
About 170mph
Fastest shot 111mph
Lincecum clip
lacrosse shot clip
Jai Alai clip

23. How can a 5’10” pitcher be such a powerful pitcher?
An excessively large stride increases the speed the arm can move as a 3rd class lever. See picture on next page.
The normal stride length for a pitcher is 77% to 87% of his height. Lincecum's stride is 129%, some 7 1/2 feet

24. Load
Effort
Fulcrum

25. 1. Kinematics: study of motion. a. linear- straight line
Biomechanics: the application of mechanics to the human body and sporting implements
1. Kinematics: study of motion.
a. linear- straight line
b. curvilinear- curve (shot put)
c. angular- motion around an axis
(rotational- spinning)
d. general- linear & angular
Examples
velocity, acceleration, displacement, distance.

26. General Motion Linear Motion Most common type of motion
Angular motion- synovial joints segments rotating around each other
Linear Motion

27. Measuring Movement a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
Scalars are quantities that are fully described by
a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
Vectors are quantities that
are fully described by
both a magnitude and
a direction.
Vectors video clip
Scalars & Vectors tutorial

28. Position
Distance: is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.
Displacement: is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall change in position.
distance & displacement tutorial

29. Speed: is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving.” Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance.
Speed =distance / time

30. Velocity: is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."
Velocity tutorial

31. Velocity – Time Graphs
a positive velocity means the object is moving in the positive direction
a negative velocity means the object is moving in the negative direction.

32. Velocity – Time Graphs
the slope of the line on a velocity-time graph reveals useful information about the acceleration of the object.

33. Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
Acceleration tutorial

34. Velocity – Time Graphs constant positive velocity, no acceleration
constant negative velocity, no acceleration
positive velocity, positive acceleration
positive velocity, negative acceleration
negative velocity, negative acceleration
negative velocity, positive acceleration
Putting it all together.
Watch the last clip and pay attention to the objects movement & when the line crosses the X-axis
Review & Quiz

35. 2. Kinetics
Forces involved in the movement of an object or body. (angular & linear)
Linear: force, gravity, mass, laws of motion, momentum, impulse.:
Angular: torque (moment), Levers, center of mass.

36. Force vectors
a pushing or pulling action that causes a change of state (rest/motion) of a body.
Measured in units called Newtons (N).
Rugby vs Football clip 8 min

37. Types of Forces:
Frictional (air, fluid): force that slows an object down, usually in the opposite direction
Tensional: force through a string, rope…when pulled from opposite ends
Normal: support force that is exerted on an object when in contact with a stable object

38. Types of Forces:
Applied: force that is placed on an object by someone/thing.
Gravitational: (also known as the weight of an object) force pulling objects to Earth.
Technically the mutual force of attraction between all objects.

39. Forces can produce three types of motion:
Translation: change in position
Rotation: circular movement of an object around a center of rotation.
Deformation: change in shape/size of an object due to an applied force or a temperature change.

40. Newton’s Laws of Motion in Sport
First Law
(Law of Inertia)
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction  unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. 
First Law video clip
BMX inertia
First Law Tutorial

41. Newton’s Laws of Motion in Sport
Second Law The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Arrows represent the magnitude (size) of the force
Sports sceince -force clip 6 min
Second Law tutorial
Second Law in Sports

42. Momentum is a vector quantity that can be defined as "mass in motion."
Momentum (p) = mass • velocity
Momentum (angular and linear) 2 min
Momentum tutorial

43. Impulse change in momentum.
 A force produces an acceleration, and the greater the force acting on an object, the greater its change in velocity and, hence, the greater its change in momentum
Bat swing video

44. Impulse – Momentum Relationship
Baseball and Impulse/ Momentum video clip
momentum (p)= mass • velocity
Force x time = mass x velocity
Bat *Ball
*Mass will remain constant

45. Explain the graph to the right using the picture to the left?
Force – Time Graphs
Explain the graph to the right using the picture to the left?
The force increases until the ball reaches a point of max compression.
The ball comes in contact with the racket, compresses, decompresses & then contact ends.
Note the time of contact :
40ms (.04 sec)

46. Newton’s Laws of Motion in Sport
Third Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (every force involves the interaction of two objects)
Third Law in Sports clip
Third Law tutorial

47. the point at which the body is balanced in all directions.
Center of mass
the point at which the body is balanced in all directions.
a change in body position can change the position of the center of mass within or outside the body.
The center of mass is the point at which the mass of an object is concentrated.
Center of mass tutorial

48. Which is a better location to tackle and why?
A lineman crouches low so that his center of mass is closer to the ground. This makes it hard for an opposing player to move him.
Center of mass
Which is a better location to tackle and why?
tackling a runner low -- far from the center of mass -- it takes less force to tackle him than if he were tackled high. 
Football tackle below center of gravity

49. Center of mass
Why does a lineman stay low to the ground, especially inside the red zone?
A lineman crouches low so that his center of mass is closer to the ground. This makes it hard for an opposing player to move him.

50. The Fosbury Flop! Center of mass
*notice how the center of gravity is located outside the jumper’s body.
Western Roll
Straddle Jump
Physics behind the jump
Fosbury Flop

51. Examples of the center of gravity outside the body.
Center of mass
Examples of the center of gravity outside the body.

52. Center of mass Slow Motion Dive 1936 Olympics Acrobatic Gymnastics
Snowboarding
Ray Lewis - Sports Science clip (8 min)

53. “Mass in motion” around an axis.
Angular Kinetics
Angular Momentum
“Mass in motion” around an axis.
Conservation of momentum video clip
Angular Momentum (L) = mass x velocity x radius
Angular momentum and the circus video clip
Angular momentum tutorial

54. measure of how fast an object is rotating.
Angular Kinetics
Angular Velocity
measure of how fast an object is rotating.
Angular momentum in the playground video clip
Review of Terms

55. Conservation of Momentum
the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision.
Football & Conservation of momentum video clip
Conservation of momentum tutorial

56. Moment of Inertia (Torque)
Angular Kinetics
Moment of Inertia (Torque)
According to Newton’s 1st Law:
is a measure of an object's resistance to any change in its state of rotation.
The moment of inertia is how difficult it is for an object to rotate around an axis.

57. Torque is measured in Nm (Newton meters) and is a vector quantity.
Angular Kinetics
The size of the torque (moment) depends on:
The size of the force
The direction of the force
How far it is applied from the axis of rotation
Torque is measured in Nm (Newton meters) and is a vector quantity.
How do our bodies use torque?
Our synovial joints move with angular velocity as well as our whole bodies (twisting, spinning).

58. Angular Kinetics
What makes it more difficult to rotate around an axis?
Increase in mass
The further the mass is from the center of rotation

59. Projectile Motion
A projectile is any object that once projected or dropped continues in motion by its own inertia (first law of motion) and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity.

60. Projectile Motion Factors to consider : Speed of release
More speed because of increased force butting projectile in motion.
Height of release
Distance above ground.
Angle of release
Depends on landing point and goal for projectile
Spin
Alters time of flight

61. Projectile Motion When launch & landing height are the same,
what angle is the best for distance? ( play game below)
Projectile Motion Game

62. Projection angle depends on projection speed & height.
If release height is above landing height, then a release angle below 45 degrees is optimal.*
If release height is below landing height, then a release angle above 45 degrees is optimal.*
*Note: the angles suggested above are for an ideal situation which we do not have when dealing with our environment and our bodies.

63. Action Projection speed Projection angle comments Long jump 10-11 m/s
18-27 °
Leg muscles are not strong enough for 45° w/o losing speed
High Jump
4-5 m/s
40-48°
lower speed b/c need higher jump angle
Shot put
11-15 m/s
35-42°
Lower than 45° b/c higher than land area
Free throw Basketball
7m/s
50-60°
higher than 45° b/c lower than land area
Tennis serve
50-60 m/s
-3 to -15°
Negative b/c ball is served down into court
Golf Drive
70-90 m/s
10-20°
Low angle b/c backspin creates lift.

64. Fluid dynamics
The medium an object moves through creates a resistance called drag. (frictional force)
Types of drag
Surface drag- between projectile surface and medium.
Form drag- shape of projectile will change how well it moves through medium
Wave drag- usually in water. Waves in water create a resistance.

65. Bernoulli’s Principle
States that the relationship between air flow velocity & air pressure is inverse.
air flowing over a curved surface flows faster than air flowing over a straight surface
Soccer ball Bernoulli's Principle
David Beckham

66. Bernoulli’s Principle
A golf ball with standard dimples travels about twice as far as a smooth golf ball, because the rough surface both creates lift and reduces air drag.
Laminar boundary layer: microscopic layer of molecules next to projectile that move in same direction.
Turbulant Boundary Layer: if projectile is moving very fast or surface is rough the air becomes mixed up and causes less surface drag.

67. Bernoulli’s Principle
Magnus Effect
The Magnus Effect is the lift force that results from spinning objects, such as balls. 

68. Bernoulli’s Principle
Gooden's Curveball
Sports Science - Bernoulli's Principle
Fluid dynamics and baseball 2 min