1. Algae, Bryopytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
PLANT KINGDOM
Algae, Bryopytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

2. PLANT KINGDOM
classification
Artificial system of classification- only superficial characters, equal weightage to sexual and vegetative characters- Linnaeus
Natural system of classification- external and internal characters- Bentham and Hooker
Phylogenetic system of classification- based on evolutionary relationships
Numrical taxonomy- using computers
Cytotaxonomy- cytological information
Chemotaxonomy- chemical constituents

3. PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic. Moist stones, soil and wood. With animals or plants.
Filamentous- Ulothrix
Unicellular- chlamydomonas
Colonial= volvox
Kelps

4. ALGAE Reproduction: vegetative, asexual, sexual.
PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Reproduction: vegetative, asexual, sexual.
vegetative- fragmentation
Asexual- zoospores
Sexual reproduction- isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

5. ALGAE Importance As food= Laminaria, Sargassum
PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Importance
About half of CO2 fixation by algae
As food= Laminaria, Sargassum
Hydrocolloids- algin, carrageen
Agar- Gelidium, Gracilaria
SCP- chlorella, spirulina

6. Chlorophyceae ALGAE Classes: Green algae
PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Classes:
Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Green algae
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
Chlorophyll a,b- in chloroplasts
Discoid, plate, reticulate, cup, spiral, ribb0n

7. Chlorophyceae ALGAE Class: Storage bodies- pyrenoids PLANT KINGDOM
Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction
Chlamydomonas, volvox, spirogyra

8. Phaeophyceae ALGAE Class: marine Brown algae PLANT KINGDOM
Simple branched to kelps ( even 100 meters
Chlorophyll a,c, carotenoids and xanthophylls

9. Phaeophyceae ALGAE Class: Vegetative, asexual and sexual
PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Phaeophyceae
Class:
Food is stored as laminarin or mannitol
Algin coating over cellulosic cell wall
Body- holdfast, stipe and frond
Vegetative, asexual and sexual
Gametes are pyreform
Ectocarpus, dictyota

10. Rhodophyceae ALGAE Class: Multicellular, complex Gracilaria, Gelidium
PLANT KINGDOM
ALGAE
Rhodophyceae
Class:
Red algae- due to phycoerythrin
Marine- deeper ocean to surface
Multicellular, complex
Food is stored as floridean starch
Gametes are non-motilie
Gracilaria, Gelidium

11. BRYOPHYTES Includes mosses and liverworts Amphibians of plant kingdom
Play a major role in plant succession
Body is thallus like, lack true roots, stem or leaves.
Plant body is haploid- called gametophyte
Male sex organ- antheridium
Female sex organ- archegonium

12. BRYOPHYTES Zygote is formed- diploid Spores produce gametophyte
PLANT KINGDOM
BRYOPHYTES
In water- antherozoids are transported to egg
Zygote is formed- diploid
Produce sporophyte- dependent on gametopyte
Undergoes reduction division- spores( haploid)
Spores produce gametophyte
Fuel, packing material, succession

13. liverworts Plant body is thalloid Moist shady places. Marchantia
PLANT KINGDOM
BRYOPHYTES
liverworts
Plant body is thalloid
Moist shady places.
Marchantia
Thallus is dorsiventral
Asexual reproduction- gemmae
sexual reproduction-same or different thalli- sex organs- sporophyte

14. mosses Gametophyte is predominant Funaria, Sphagnum
PLANT KINGDOM
BRYOPHYTES
mosses
Protonema – first stag- creeping
Gametophyte is predominant
Funaria, Sphagnum
Vegetative reproduction- fragmenation and budding
Sexual reproduction- antheridia, archaegonia
Sphorophyte is more elaborate-
Foot seta and capsule

15. PTERIDOPHYTES Includes horsetails and ferns
PLANT KINGDOM
PTERIDOPHYTES
Includes horsetails and ferns
For medicinal purpose and as soil binders
First terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues
Found in cool damp shady places
Sporophyte- true root, stem and leaves
Leaves- microphylls or macrophylls

16. PTERIDOPHYTES PLANT KINGDOM Sporophytes bear sporangia in sporophylls
Sporophylls from compact bodies- strobili or cones
Produce haploid spores- produce inconspicous gametophyte- prothallus-

17. PTERIDOPHYTES PLANT KINGDOM Zygote form sporophyte
Antheridium and archaegonium
are produced in prothallus
Zygote form sporophyte
homosporous
Heterosporous- selaginella, salvinia- precursor to seed habit
Classified into Psilopsida, Lycopsida, sphaenopsida, Pteropsida

18. GYMNOSPERMS Naked seeded plants Trees and shrubs PLANT KINGDOM
Tallest tree- Sequoia

19. GYMNOSPERMS Roots are tap root PLANT KINGDOM
Roots have fungal association- pinus- mycorrhiza
Cycas – croralloid roots- cyanobacteria
Needle like leaves, sunken stomata, thick cuticle- conifers

20. GYMNOSPERMS PLANT KINGDOM Heterosporous- haploid micro and mega spores
Spores are produced in sporangia in cones/strobili
Male strobili- microsporophyll- pollen grain
female strobili- megasporophyll-ovule- archegonia

21. GYMNOSPERMS PLANT KINGDOM
Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, gametophytes have no independent existence
Pollen grains are released from microsporangium- carried by air
After fertilization zygote develop into embryo and the ovules into seeds which are not covered
female strobili- megasporophyll-ovule- archegonia

22. ANGIOSPERMS PLANT KINGDOM Monocotyledons and docotyledons
Seeds are enclosed in fruits
Male sex organ- anther; female sex organ- pistil
Eight celled embryosac

23. ANGIOSPERMS Double fertilization PLANT KINGDOM Triple fusion
Egg+ male gamete= zygote- embryo
Primary endosperm nucleus + gamete = PEN

24. PLANT KINGDOM
ANGIOSPERMS
Life cycle- alternation of generations