1. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Addison Wesley is an imprint of The Complete A+ Guide to PC Repair 5/e Chapter 11 Basic Windows and Windows Commands

2. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Objectives After completing this chapter you will be able to: Identify, explain, and use common desktop icons Manage files and folders including attributes, compression, and encryption Modify the Start button appearance Describe the purpose of the registry and how it is organized into subtrees Work from a command prompt and perform basic functions using commands (to access the file structure, create a file, view a file, copy and delete files, and set attributes on files and directories) Describe methods used to stay current in technology areas

3. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Operating Systems Overview Operating system – Software that coordinates the interaction between hardware and any software applications running, including the interaction between a user and the computer. −An operating system contains commands that both the computer and the user understand. −DOS −Windows 98, NT, 2000 Professional, XP, Vista, 7 −OS X −Red Hat, SuSE, Solaris

4. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. A file is an electronic container that holds computer code or data—a box of bits. File Folder Edit Functions A folder holds files and can also contain other folders. To copy a file or folder, use the Copy/Paste function from the Edit Menu option. To move a file or folder, use the Cut/Paste functions Basic Operating Systems Windows Explorer (Explorer) is used to copy/move files and folders.

5. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Administrator Account Windows XP, Vista, or 7 does not display the Administrator account by default. In XP press CTRL+ALT+DEL twice On Vista or 7, right-click on Command Prompt and select Run as administrator. Type net user administrator /active:yes To disable: net user administrator /active:no

6. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Usage Overview Desktop – the area where all work is done. –GUI (Graphical User Interface) –Icons – pictures that provide access to devices, files, and applications

7. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Windows Usage Overview Shortcut – Icon with a bent arrow in lower left corner. It is a link to a file, a folder or a program on a disk. Path – Reference that tells where a file is located among drives and folders (directories). Recycle Bin – Location in Windows operating systems where user-deleted files and folders are held.

8. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Shortcuts A shortcut can be to a program, file or folder Shortcuts are usually found on the desktop A link to a specific file A shortcut can be various things The icon represents the associated path Double- click to use Right-click and select Properties to see the path to the original file

9. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Common Windows Desktop Icons

10. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Windows Usage Overview Taskbar – The bar that runs across the bottom of the desktop used to hold open applications. The area on the far right is called the systray. Start Button – Located in the lower left corner of the Windows desktop, it is used to access and launch applications, files, and utilities. Control Panel – A Start menu option that allows computer configuration. Quick Launch Bar – Located to the right of the Start button in the task bar that can be used to quickly open an application.

11. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Windows Usage Overview Click on the word to see a definition. Click on the definition to make it disappear. Dialog box - Used by the operating system to set preferences on various software parameters. Textbox - An area to type preferred parameters applied to the software in use. Checkbox - An area to enable or disable an option. Help button - Located in upper right corner of a dialog box as a question mark button.

12. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Basic Windows Usage Overview Close Button – Located in upper right corner of a dialog box with an X, it is used to close the dialog box window. Radio Button – Similar to a checkbox, it is a round space on a dialog box that allows the user to enable an option by clicking in it. Drop Down Menus– Option box with down arrow; clicking on the arrow reveals additional choices for the option. OK Button – Located in bottom right hand of dialog box; clicking on it saves any changes applied and closes the window. Cancel Button – Located in bottom right corner of the window; clicking on it ignores any changes the user has made and restores parameters to their original state. Apply Button – Located in bottom right corner of a dialog box; clicking on it saves any changes the user has applied to the window.

13. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Dialog Box Components

14. © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Windows Dialog Box Components Textbox Help Button Close Button Radio Button Drop-Down Menus Apply Button Description Inserts specific parameter Provides context sensitive assistance X - closes the dialog box window A circle when enabled has a solid dot inside Presented when a down arrow is clicked Used to make changes immediately

15. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Managing Files and Folders A drive letter followed by a colon represents every drive in a computer. Reminders Files Extension Disks and drives hold files. Files are kept discs, hard drives, tape, or other storage media. An extension is added to the filename, and the extensions can be three or more characters in length.

16. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Managing Files and Folders Short Filenames – An older filename that has a maximum of 11 characters (eight characters for the name and three characters for the extension). Long Filenames – Extended filenames in Windows that can be up to 255 characters in length instead of the DOS filename format of eight characters with a three-character extension.

17. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Attributes, Compression, and Encryption Explorer and My Computer can be used for setting attributes for a file or folder.

18. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tech Tips Quickly Spot a Shortcut Using the Recycle Bin Sometimes the desktop is cluttered with icons the user puts on it. To organize nicely, right-click an empty desktop space, point to the Arrange icons (XP) or View (Vista) option, and click the Auto Arrange option A Shortcut is an icon that has an icon that has a bent arrow in the lower left cornet. Deleted files or folders in the Recycle Bin are not really gone, they are stored on the hard drive in a folder. They can be removed especially if you need hard drive space. Keep the Desktop Organized

19. © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Compression Compaction of a file or folder to take up less disk space. All Windows-based applications can read and write compressed files. Warnings: Compression causes the computer to slow down. Moving and copying a compressed file or folder can alter the compression. Encryption A method of securing data from unauthorized users. Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and 7 use an encryption feature called EFS. The Cipher command can be used from the command prompt to decrypt files. Moving and copying encrypted files on NTFS volumes remain encrypted.. Compression and Encryption

20. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Encryption EFS (Encrypting File System) – An encryption feature found in Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. Only an authorized user may view or change a file encrypted with EFS. EFS originally used DES (56-bit or 128-bit encryption), but now uses AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm), smart card-based encryption, and, in Windows 7, ECC (Elliptical Curve Cryptography) EFS is not compatible with version of Windows prior to Windows 2000.

21. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Attributes, Compression, and Encryption Windows Explorer is used to encrypt a file or folder. Right-click on the file or folder to be encrypted. Click on the Properties option. Click on the General tab and select the Advanced button. The Advanced Attributes dialog box appears. Click on the Encrypt contents to secure data checkbox and click the OK button. Click on the Apply button and then click the OK button.

22. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Determining the Windows Version To determine the operating version: Right-click on the Start button ► Explorer (XP) Open Windows Explorer (Vista or 7) ► Help menu option ► About Windows Start ► Run (XP) ► Search textbox (Vista or 7) ► type winver and press Enter. A window appears with the version. Start ► All Programs ► Accessories ► System Tools ► System Information XP: Start ► Run ► type winmsd and press Enter. Vista/7: Start ►Control Panel ► System and Maintenance or System

23. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Windows Registry Registry – A central Windows database file that holds hardware and software configuration information. User Profile – All settings associated with a specific user, including desktop settings, network configurations, and application to which the user has access. There are five registry subtrees found in Windows computers by default: −HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE −HKEY_USERS −HKEY_CURRENT_USER −HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG −HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT

24. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Registry Subtrees HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE –Global hardware configuration including hardware components, software drivers, and settings for each device HKEY_USERS –Individual user preferences HKEY_CURRENT_USER –A specific user’s configuration including software settings, desktop settings, individual folders, etc. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG –Information about the hardware profile used when the computer first boots HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT –Holds file associations and file links

25. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Editing the Windows Registry If possible, use control panels to make changes to the registry Before making changes, make a backup copy Commands to edit the registry Both bring up the same window starting with XP REGEDIT REGEDT32

26. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 64-bit Operating Systems Includes 32- and 64-bit keys 32-bit keys are kept in the WOW6432NODE folder To access the 64-bit registry editor, go to the folder where the operating system is normally located (Windows). Normally SYSWOW64 Located regedit

27. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Recovering the Operating System When the tools don’t work and the operating system is slow, not functioning, or infected, the operating system might need to be replaced. –Recovery CD/DVD provided by manufacturer –Recovery partition (HPA) –Imaging software –Backup/restore software –Recovery Console’s recovery tool –Original operating system disk –System Restore tool

28. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Recovery Console Recovery Console is a Windows 2000 and XP tool that allows the administrator to boot the computer to a command prompt and access the hard drive. Access from the Advanced Boot menu (F8 during startup) Access from original CD Requires Administrator password Not included with Vista or 7 1-28

29. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Recovery Console

30. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Command Prompt Overview Commands are important for a technician to be able to do Scripts for automated deployments Used when the machine doesn’t work Used to apply solutions Two types of commands Internal - not visible when viewing files on a disk or hard drive, but after you enter the commands, they will execute faster than external commands External – stored on storage media such as a hard drive

31. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Command Prompt Basics Command Prompt – Also called Prompt – A text-based environment where commands are entered. Directory – An electronic container that holds files and even other directories. Root Directory – The starting place for all files on a disk. Subdirectory – A directory contained within another directory. They are called folders today.

32. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Tree Structure

33. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Moving From a Command Prompt CD (change directory) is used to move around from a command prompt. CD SUB1 CD C:\Windows\Users\Cheryl CD.. to move back one directory CD\ to return to the root directory MD is used to make a directory

34. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. The TYPE Command TYPE – Command used to display text (.TXT) and batch (.BAT) files on the screen. −TYPE AUTOEXEC.BAT | MORE −The | more shows just one page at a time

35. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Copying Files COPY is an internal command that copies a file to a different disk or directory. Wildcard – Replaces one or more characters. ? represents one character, * represents any number of characters. Three parts to the COPY command: 1. The command (COPY). 2. The source (the file being copied). 3. The destination (where the file is being copied).

36. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. The ATTRIB Command ATTRIB – The command sets, removes, or shows the attribute of a file or a directory. File Attributes –Read-Only – Protects files so they cannot be accidentally changed or deleted. –Archive – Marks files that have changed since they were last backed up by a backup program. –System – Designates a file as a system file. –Hidden – Allows file hiding and even directory hiding.

37. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands Refer to list of commands on pages 408 thru 427. BCDEDIT – used in Vista and 7 to control settings contained in the BCD (Boot Configuration Data) store, which controls how the operating system boots. BCD store is similar to BOOT.INI file in XP and earlier. BOOTCFG – Change, delete, configure, or query entries in BOOT.INI file with XP or earlier BOOTREC – Repair and recover from hard drive problems

38. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands CHKDSK – Checks a disk for problems CIPHER – Displays or alters file or folder encryption CLS – Clears the screen CMD – Brings up a command prompt DEFRAG – Locate and reorder files so they are contiguous DEL – Delete a file DIR – List files and folders

39. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands DISABLE – XP or earlier: Disable a system service or hardware driver DISKPART – Manage hard drive partitions and volumes DXDIAG – Perform DirectX diagnostics ENABLE – XP or earlier: Enable a system service or hardware driver EXIT – Closes window or Recovery Console EXPAND – Uncompress a file

40. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands FIXBOOT – XP or earlier: Rewrite boot sector FIXMBR – XP or earlier: Rewrite MBR FORMAT – Formats a disk HELP – Info about a specific command IPCONFIG – View and control info related to the NIC LISTSVC – XP or earlier: Lists services, drivers, and start-times

41. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands Logon – XP or earlier: Lists all Windows NT, 2000, and XP installations MAP – XP or earlier: Lists drive letters, file systems, volume sizes, and physical device mappings MSCONFIG – Starts the System Configuration utility MSINFO32 – Displays the System Information window NET USE – Attach to a remote network device

42. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands NSLOOKUP – Troubleshoot DNS issues NTBACKUP – XP or earlier: Perform backups PING – Test connectivity to a remote network device RD – Remove a directory REN – Rename a file or directory SET – Display and view variables SFC – Starts the System File Checker utility SYSTEMROOT – Sets the current directory as the system root directory

43. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Commands TELNET – Used to remotely access a remote network device. SSH is more secure. TRACERT – Used to verity the path taken by a packet from source to destination WSCRIPT – Used to bring up a Windows-based script property sheet. Command line version is CSCRIPT.EXE XCOPY – Copy and backup files and directories

44. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Soft Skills – Staying Current Technicians must stay current in the field of computers and networks. Benefits to staying current include: –Being able to troubleshoot new technologies. –Being able to recommend upgrades to customers. Methods to stay current include: –Subscribing to magazines and newslists. –Join an association. – Read books and take classes. –Talk to peers and your supervisor. 12-44

45. © 2011 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Addison Wesley is an imprint of Questions???