1. Classroom Management and Communication
Session 5
February 27, 2007

2. Objectives of this Session
To learn what students think about the way (s) in which schools are managed
To learn what students wish teachers could do to make learning more meaningful
To learn more about Dreikur’s Democratic Principles
To discuss what it might look like to teach about democracy in the classroom by having students ENGAGE in it.

3. Getting By
We will form small groups to discuss the results of the survey conducted with high school students.
Each group will report on one of the major findings that they review

4. Dreikur’s Democratic Principles
Basics of Adler and Dreikurs’ social theory
Adler’s Basic premises (Dreikurs, 1972, pp. 8-9)
i) Man is a social being and his main desire (the basic motivation) is to belong.
ii) All behavior is purposive. One cannot understand behavior of another person unless one knows to which goal it is directed, and it is always directed towards finding one's place.
iii) Man is a decision-making organism.
iv) Man does not see reality as it is, but only as he perceives it, and his perception may be mistaken or biased.

5. Basic Assumption
All misbehavior is the result of a child’s mistaken assumption about the way he can find a place and gain status (Dreikurs, 1968, p. 36).

6. Attention Getting
Students who are looking to belong and be recognized in the class. This is more often identified with disturbing behavior. Many times this occurs because students are not getting the recognition that they feel they deserve.
If students cannot get attention for their positive behaviors (being on task, completing work, arriving on time, etc.), they will seek it with inappropriate behaviors (continually calling out, refusing to work, asking irrelevant questions, etc.)

7. Power and Control (power struggles)
Students feel inferiority, so they try “to be your boss.”
Once the battle has been joined, the child has already won it.
Behavior characteristics consist of the student repetitively doing a behavior to make him or her the center of attention. When asked to stop, he or she becomes defiant and escalates his or her negative behavior and challenges the adult. The teacher will feel annoyed at the students' actions.

8. Revenge
Students who think the only way to get recognition is to retaliate against adults for the way they feel they have been unfairly treated. This is formed after a long series of discouragement by failing trials for attention getting and power.
Behavior characteristics consist of a student who hurts others physically or psychologically. The teacher will feel hurt in relation to the student's actions.

9. Teachers’ Role
• The teacher must recognize students’ inner goal and then help the students change to the more appropriate goal of learning how to belong with others (Wolfgang, 2001, p. 115).

10. Techniques of modifying the child’s motivation
Observe the child’s behavior in detail.
Be psychologically sensitive to your own reaction.

11. Confront the child with the four goals.
The purpose of confrontation is to disclose and confirm the mistaken goal to the child.
Use the four "could it be…" questions:
1. Could it be that you want special attention?
2. Could it be that you want your own way and hope to be boss?
3. Could it be that you want to hurt others as much as you feel hurt by them?
4. Could it be that you want to be left alone? Dreikurs, 1972, p. 34, 41)

12. Encouragement
The essence of encouragement is to increase the child's confidence in himself and to convey to him that he is good enough as he is not just as he might be. It is directed toward increasing the child's belief in himself.
Avoid discouragement.
Work for improvement, not perfection.
Comment on effort tather than results.
Separate the deed from the doer.
Build on strength, not on weaknesses.
Show your faith in the child.
Mistakes should not be viewed as failures.
Integrate the child into the group.
Praise is not the same as encouragement.
Help the child develop the courage to be imperfect. Dreikurs, 1972, pp )

13. Differences between praise and encouragement
Praise can be discouraging.
Praise recognizes the actor, encouragement acknowledges the act.
Too much praise makes a child dependent on the teacher"

14. Logical Consequences
Every act has a consequence, and if we are to avoid unpleasant results of our acts we must then behave in a way which will help to guarantee more favorable results (Dreikurs, 1968, p. 62).
Logical consequences should offer the child a clear and logical choice of behavior and results. The child must perceive that he has a choice and accept the relationship of his choice to what followed (Dreikurs, 1968, p. 82).
It is structured and arranged by the adult, must be experienced by the child as logical in nature (Dreikurs, 1972, p. 62).

15. Classroom Meetings
Students need to practice democratic principles in school in order to learn how to contribute later to society as a whole. The central process for carrying out this modeling of democracy is the use of the class meeting. Any problem child is a problem for the whole class, and the solution to the problem grows most naturally out of the helpful involvement of all class members (Dreikurs, 1972, p. 78).

16. Purpose of classroom meetings
Open classroom meetings create a context for developing empathy and group membership. Group discussions provide the teacher with an opportunity to help the children understand themselves, and to change their concept of themselves and others which will eventually change their motivations from hostile to cooperative living (Dreikurs, 1972, p. 79).

17. Eight building blocks of effective classroom meetings
1. Form a circle
2. Practice compliments and appreciation
3. Create an agenda
4. Develop communication
skills
5. Learn about separate realities
6. Recognize the four purposes of behavior
7. Practice role playing and brainstorming
8. Focus on non-punitive solutions))
(Suggested by Jane Nelson--a Dreikurs-Adlerian writer

18. Books by Dreikurs
A Parent's Guide to Child Discipline by Rudolf Dreikurs and Loren Grey
The Challenge of Parenthood
Children: The Challenge -- by Rudolf Dreikurs, Vicki Soltz
Coping With Children's Misbehavior, a Parent's Guide
Discipline Without Tears -- by Rudolf Dreikurs, et al
Encouraging Children to Learn by Rudolf Dreikurs, Don, Sr. Dinkmeyer

19. Assignments for Next Session
Read Charles :
Chapter 3 - Canter’s Assertive Discipline.
Chapter 4 - Jones’s Positive Classroom Discipline
Chapter 5 - Positive Discipline in the Classroom.
Be prepared to contrast models of assertive discipline with models of positive discipline
Review the Rubric on the Classroom Management Plan that we will be working on the latter half of the course.