1. Basic Microbial Ecology Microbial Ecology Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.net www.science-i.comsibio@att.netwww.science-i.com Picture from http://microbemagic.ucc.ie/about_microbes/good_bad_ugly.htmlhttp://microbemagic.ucc.ie/about_microbes/good_bad_ugly.html Fall 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class

2. Microbes - provide the oxygen and nitrogen that all living beings require.  ___________, Bioremediation “Life on earth as we know it would not exist without the activity of microbes.” Without microbes -the earth would be a gigantic, permanent waste dump. decomposers http://www.laptoplunches.co.uk/Waste_less.html Picture from http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Prokaryotes/index.htmlhttp://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Prokaryotes/index.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009

3. Biochemical recycling 1) Producers -convert CO 2 & inorganic materials into _________________. “waste”  useful material for other organisms. -the first in the food chain. - eg) Plants, algae (photosynthetic) in aerobic, Cyanobacteria, and other bacteria in anaerobic condition. :require the activities of organisms ___________________________________________ Producers, consumers, & detrivores(=decomposers) organic materials http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Small_cotto n_plants.jpg http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009

4. 2) Consumers -metabolize the organic matter synthesized by the ( producers / consumers / detrivores). - __________________ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 http://turbinaria.files.wordpress.com/2009/0 7/vorticella15.jpg protozoa, most animals

5. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 3) Decomposers -Most microbes Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa -Digest or convert dead organism or decay matter into small molecules  used by ( producers / consumers / detrivores ). *Insect and earth worms as well. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earthworm.jpg http://www.marietta.edu/~spilatrs/biol202/microid/ima ges/protozoa.jpg http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/foodchain/decomposers.htm Picture from http://misslorisbiohome.com/we/organization%20of%20life/nutinter(org).htmlhttp://misslorisbiohome.com/we/organization%20of%20life/nutinter(org).html

6. Eutrophication -Overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria. by overuse of phosphate: detergents, fertilizers in agriculture.  Blocks out light and exhausts ___(Hypoxic)  Death of resident fish and aquatic animals. * The decomposition of the algae fuels bacterial growth, whose metabolism consumes oxygen. http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/arbeitspakete/nova6/index_EN http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentprojects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpage.html Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 O2O2

7. Nutrient cycling by microbes - ____________________ - ____ organisms need. - ____ organisms are composed of organic molecules: Proteins, lipids, carbohydrate. - All organic molecules contain __________. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Carbon(C), Nitrogen(N), Sulfur (S), Phoshorus(P) All Carbon (C) All Alterations in Nutrient Cycles Can Contribute to ____________. http://www.sccwrp.org/view.php?id=83 Eutrophication http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentproj ects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpa ge.html

8. Carbon(C) cycle ______________ -use CO 2 to produce sugars. (inorganic  organic) - Plant, algae, ___________. ______________ (organic  inorganic) -feed organic carbon such as sugars -release CO 2 by respiration -Most animals, _______ ______________ (organic  inorganic) -degrade organic carbon -some release CO 2 Primary producers! Consumers Decomposers cyanobacteria protozoa Primary producers Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 http://m.b5z.net/i/u/6128582/i/carboncycle.jpg

9. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/NCEA_Level_1_Science/Contents/Microorganisms/ Effects_of_microorganisms Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Nitrogen(N) cycle - found in _______ and __________. - 79% N 2 in the air.  but most organism can’t use it. -______________ :convert to useful nitrogen for other organisms. :most bacteria, prokaryotes, fungi. : ___________ =fungi +plant symbiosis -______________________ :remove N-compounds during wastewater treatment. :bacteria proteinsnucleic acids Nitrogen-fixers Nitrogen(N2)-former (denitrification) mycorrhizae http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/tour/fungi2.html

10. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Sulfur(S) cycle -found in some amino acids(proteins), coenzyme -Some prokaryotes reduce S. Phosphorus(P) cycle -found in nucleic acids, phospholipids, & ATP. -Plant & microbes take up inorganic phosphate. -Decomposer :organic phosphate  inorganic phosphate. -Too much phosphate result from detergents, wastewater  _____________ Eutrophication http://www.macalester.edu/environmentalstudies/threerivers/studentproj ects/ENVI_133_Spr_08/Phosphorus/Phosphorus%20Effects%20Webpa ge.html

11. -Produced by plants, algae (photosynthetic), cyanobacteria. _______________ -Anaerobes : live without O 2 : Bacteria, fungi(yeast) -Aerobes : utilize O 2 to live. : Bacteria, Algae, fungi, protozoa, animals Where does oxygen come from? What do we mean when we say some microbes utilize oxygen while others do not? http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Prokaryotes/index.html Oxygen http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Small_cotto n_plants.jpg http://www.microscopy- uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/volvox2.jpg http://www.puregrowthorganics.com/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 primary producers *We, humans, are aerobes. http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio418/di sc11-sex.html

12. Energy - Energy sources: _________________. - form of ATP. - Sunlight : Photosynthesis : convert to chemical bond energy: _______ compound) : plant, algae, cyanobateria  chlorophyll. - Inorganic compound : convert to _______ compound. : prokaryotes - organic compound : convert to _________ compound. : protozoa, animals, fungi sunlight or chemicals(C,S,N,P) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Energy is not cycled in the same sense, but is converted to one form to another. What forms of energy can be utilized by microbes? http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_PAGES/cy anobacteria.htm organic inorganic http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/gallery/photos/aspergi llus10.html

13. 1) Mutalism (both beneficial) ___________ = fungi +plant roots fungi~ nitrogen fixation plant~ provide sugars Lichen = ____________ algae or cyanobacteria – provide sugars fungi – provide by retaining water Cellulose-digesting symbiosis Herbivores + _________________ Help to digest cellulose Bacteria in the large intestine Help to digest Vitamin K and B. What is symbiosis? Give an example. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Symbiosis Symbiosis - living together; love each other ; can be single love.; one side hates the other. http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/tour/fungi2.html mycorrhizae Algae or cyanobacteria+fungi *Cellulose –undigestible carbohydrate. bacteria or protozoans www.naturfoto.cz love each other.

14. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 1) Commensalism (one beneficial; no harmful) Bacteria living on the skin to get food and others. the host (human) – to get nothing; no harmful Single love 2) Parasitism (one beneficial; the other harmful) -Parasites Bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths that cause disease. one side hates the other. http://www.polconsultant.com/conteduc/immunolog y/invaders.htm http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/kava/algae2.jpg