1. 1 Food Biotechnology Dr. Kamal E. M. Elkahlout Food Microbiology 2 Sources of microorganisms in food

2. 2 Sources of microorganisms in foods

3. 3 The internal tissues of healthy plants (fruits and vegetables) and animals (meat) are essentially sterile. Raw and processed (except sterile) foods contain different types of molds, yeasts, bacteria and viruses. Microorganisms get into food from natural sources and external sources.

4. 4 Natural sources for foods of plant origin Surfaces of fruits, vegetables and grains and damaged tissues and pores in some tubers (e.g. radish and tubers). Natural sources for foods of plant origin Skin, hair, feathers, gastrointestinal tracts, urinogenital tract, respiratory tracts and milk ducts (teat canals) in animals producing animals.

5. 5 An understanding of the sources of microorganisms in food is important to: develop methods to control access of some microbes in food. develop processing methods to kill them in food. Determine the microbiological quality of foods. Setup microbiological standards and specifications of food and food ingredients.

6. 6 Pre dominant microorganisms in plants (fruits and vegetables). Internal tissues are sterile except for few porous vegetables and leafy vegetables. Some plants produce natural antimicrobial metabolites that limit the presence of microorganisms. Fruits and vegetables harbour microbes on their surfaces and microbe presence depends on their type, soil condition, water used and air quality.

7. 7 Molds and yeasts Lactic acid bacteria Bacteria from the genera: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Micrococcus, Erwina, Bacillus, Clostridium and Enterobactor. Pathogens especially of enteric types (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cyclospora, Giardia can be present if the soil is contaminated with untreated sewage.

8. 8 Factors contributing to increase in microbial numbers Diseases of the plants. Damage of the surface before (during and after harvest). Long delays between harvesting and washing. Unfavorable storage and transport conditions after harvesting and before processing can greatly increase the microbial numbers.

9. 9 Reducing microbial loads in foods of plant origin Proper methods used during growing (such as use of treated sewage or other types of fertilizers). Damage reduction during harvesting. Quick washing with good quality water to remove soil and dirt. Storage at low temperature before and after processing.

10. 10 Are carriers and can carry pathogens such as –Salmonella spp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, – Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes Laying birds – suspect of carrying Salmonella enteritidis in ovaries and contaminating yolk during ovulation. Fish and shellfish carry normal microflora in the scales, skin and digestive tracts. Carry pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vib vulnifus. Pre dorminant microroganisms in animals birds, fish and shellfish

11. 11 Contamination of foods of animal origin during production and processing: Milk – contaminated with fecal materials on the udder surface Egg shells – contaminated with fecal material Meat- contaminated with the intestinal contents during slaughtering Enteric pathogens from fecal materials common are Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp, moulds and yeasts.

12. 12 Reduction in microbial load – foods of animal origin Effective use of husbandry of live animals and birds: - good housing - avoid overcrowding - supply of uncontaminated water Testing animals and birds for pathogens and culling the carriers-to reduce the incidence of pathogenic microorganisms in food. Cleansing carcasses with good quality water. Careful hair, feather removal and digestive, urinogenital and respiratory organs. Proper sanitation during slaughtering and processing. Proper cleaning of the udder before milking and after milking. Eggs should be collected soon after laying and washed and stored as per recommended procedures. Fish and marine products should be harvested from unpolluted waters. Observe proper sanitation during processing. Use ice for storage.

13. 13 Sources of microorganisms Air Microorganisms are present in dust in air Do not grow in dust but are transient and variable depending upon the environment Their level is controlled by the degree of –humidity, size and level of dust particles, –temperature and air velocity and resistance of microorganisms to drying

14. 14 Dry air with low dust content and higher temperature has a low microbial level. Predorminant microbes in air include spores of Bacillus spp. Clostridium spp., mold and Gram- positive bacteria (Micrococcus spp and Sarcina). Microbial contamination in the air can be reduced by –removing the potential sources, –controlling dust particles in the air (using filtered air) using positive air pressure, –reducing the humidity level and installing UV light.

15. 15 Soil Soil contains several varieties of microorganisms Microorganisms multiply in soil, their numbers can be very high (billions/ g) Moulds, yeasts and bacteria genera (Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Bacillus and Clostridium) can get into foods from the soil.

16. 16 Soil contaminated with fecal materials can be source of enteric pathogenic bacteria Sediments where fish and marine foods are harvested can also be a source of microorganisms in those foods Prevention - removal of soil (and sediments) and avoiding soil contamination are used to reduce microorganisms in foods

17. 17 Sewage Sewage when used as fertilizer in crops can contaminate food with microorganisms. Predominant types include enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses. Major concern with organically grown foods and many imported fruits and vegetables where untreated sewage may be used as fertilizers. Prevention – – not to use sewage as fertilizers, or should be efficiently treated to kill the pathogens. – Wash foods following harvesting is important

18. 18 Water Is used to produce, process and in some cases store foods. Used for irrigation of crops, drinking by food animals. Raising fishery and marine products. washing foods, processing (pasteurization canning and cooling of heated foods). washing and sanitation of equipment, processing and transportation facilities

19. 19 Water is used as an ingredient in many processed foods thus can greatly influence the microbial quality of foods. Wastewater can be recycled for irrigation Chlorine-treated potable water should be used in processing, washing, sanitation and as an ingredient. Although potable water does not contain coliforms and pathogens. It can contain other bacteria capable of causing food spoilage (including Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes and Flavobacterium) Improperly treated water can contain pathogen and spoilage microorganisms

20. 20 Humans Between production and consumption foods come in contact with people handling the foods. people working in a food processing plant, handling foods at restaurants, catering services, retail stores and at home. Improperly cleaned hand, lack of aesthetic sense and personal hygiene, dirty clothes and hair can be a major sources of microbial contamination in foods. Pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. Shigella spp. Pathogenic E. Coli and hepatitis A can be human sources.

21. 21 Food ingredients prepared or fabricated foods many ingredients or additives are included in different quantities. Many ingredients can be a source of both spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms various spices can possess very high populations of mold and bacterial spores. Starch, sugar and flour might have spores of thermophilic bacteria.

22. 22 ingredients should be produced under sanitary conditions. and given antimicrobial treatments. Setting up acceptable microbial specifications for the ingredients will be important in reducing microorganisms in foods from this source

23. 23 Equipments wide variety of equipment are used in –harvesting, transportation, –processing and storage of foods microorganisms from air, raw foods, water and personnel can get into the equipment and contaminate foods. Depending on environment and time, –microbes can multiply from low initial population to reach high level and contaminate large volumes of foods

24. 24 processing used continuously for a long period of time, –microorganisms resent initially can multiply and act as a continuous source of contamination in the product. small parts, inaccessible sections and certain materials may not be efficiently cleaned and sanitized therefore can serve as sources of both pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in food

25. 25 Small equipments such as cutting boards, knives, spoons due to improper cleaning can be source of cross-contamination Salmonella, Listeria, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Listeria and yeasts and moulds can get into food from equipment Proper cleaning and sanitation of equipment at prescribed intervals are important

26. 26 Miscellaneous sources Several other sources of food contamination include : Many types of packaging materials are used in food. (wrapping materials, containers). Flies, birds, house pets and rodents. proper microbiological standards (or specifications) for packaging materials are necessary